13. Siege of Osaka (1614-1615)
The Siege of Osaka, spanning from 1614 to 1615, was a pivotal series of battles between the Tokugawa shogunate and the Toyotomi clan, culminating in the fall of Osaka Castle. The Tokugawa forces, led by Ieyasu, employed advanced artillery, including European cannons, to bombard the castle, causing significant damage and demoralizing the defenders (mlit.go.jp). In June 1615, as the castle burned, Toyotomi Hideyori and his mother, Yododono, committed seppuku, marking the end of the Toyotomi lineage and solidifying Tokugawa dominance over Japan (kansai-odyssey.com).
