16. Crusader Kingdoms: Latin Rule
In 1099 CE, European Crusaders established the Kingdom of Jerusalem, marking a dramatic shift in Palestine’s history. Their rule, lasting until 1291 CE, was defined by the construction of imposing castles, grand churches, and the influx of new settlers, which significantly altered local demographics. The Crusader presence was fiercely contested by surrounding Muslim powers, making this era one of constant conflict and shifting alliances. See History.com’s overview.
