40 Unusual Laws in History

39. All beached whales in the UK have belonged to the king or queen since 1324

Here’s another strange one from our friend Edward II. In 1324, he passed a law defining whales, sturgeons, dolphins, and porpoises caught within 5km of the shore ‘royal fish’. This one came from pure greed. The ‘royal fish’ fetched lots of money on medieval markets, and the wealthy coveted them for their banquets. A healthy market for whale oil also existed. Edward simply didn’t fancy sharing them with his people. The law has never been repealed, and still applies today. In 2004, a fisherman caught a 10-foot sturgeon near Wales, and had to ask Queen Elizabeth’s permission to sell it.

38. English law used to force everyone to celebrate Guy Fawkes Night

Guy Fawkes tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament in order to kill King James I. As Catholics, Fawkes and his gang didn’t want Protestant James as king. The plot, therefore, represented high treason. In the January following November 5, 1605, Parliament passed a law demanding people celebrate the plot’s failure. The Observance of 5th November Act 1605 demanded people celebrate the anniversary ‘with unfeigned thankfulness… for all ages to come’. If you weren’t happy about James’s deliverance, you were a traitor, too! Parliament repealed the Act in 1859, but most British people celebrate Guy Fawkes Night anyway.

37. Leading a cow while drunk has been illegal in the UK since 1872

The Licensing Act of 1872 hoped to curtail the drunken misdemeanors plaguing Britain. One part made it illegal to be ‘drunk while in charge on any highway or other public place of any carriage, horse, [or] cattle’. This now seems rather quaint, but it made a hell of a lot of sense back then. Cattle drovers moved large herds of massive, potentially dangerous cows many miles to market. The last thing anyone needed was a drunken idiot trying to lead their cows through a town. Although cows these days travel long distances by lorry, it’s still illegal to drink and drove.

36. Every wild swan in the UK has technically belonged to the crown since the 12^th century

Since the 12^th century, the English crown has owned all wild mute swans in open water. Over time, the monarchy began allowing select, influential people to own swans in exchange for some service or other. Privileged, non-royal owners marked their birds to distinguish them from the royalty’s wild swans. Today, the Queen only exercises her right to wild unmarked swans over parts of the Thames. The annual Swan Upping ceremony counts swans along the River Thames. Royal servants and permitted owners catch swans, check them for marks, and release them. The ceremony is conducted by the Royal Swan Marker.

35. Until 1974, milking your neighbor’s cow was illegal in Texas

‘Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s ox’ is one of the 10 Commandments. In Texas, between 1866 and 1974, milking a neighbor’s cow could also land you in big trouble. ‘Whoever without the consent of the owner shall take up, use or milk any cow, not his own’ faced a $10 fine. This is another once-sensible, now hilarious, law that suffers only in hindsight. The only reason to milk your neighbor’s cow would be to pinch the milk. Although repealed in 1974, Texan law still prohibits illicit cow milking, albeit less specifically. Today, you’ll be charged with theft of property.

34. In 1898, the UK banned gambling in libraries

Public libraries in the UK are sadly an increasingly rare thing today. Public libraries began appearing in the mid-19^th century as a government initiative to improve education. Alas, this noble intention was lost on some people. Many people decided to use public libraries as free places to hang out and behave raucously. Things got so bad Parliament passed the Libraries Offences Act in 1898. This made swearing, abusive language and, incredibly, gambling in a library illegal. The gambling aspect remained in force until 2005. Persistently staying after closing hours is still a no-no, to the irritation of British bookworms.

33. It’s been legal to marry a dead person since the 19^th century in France

Don’t worry, this is anywhere near as bad as it sounds. Since the 19^th century, marrying a corpse – aka necromancy – has been legal in France. This dates back to times when being born out of wedlock was a social taboo. If your husband died in battle before you could get married, and you were pregnant, necromancy made your children legitimate. The dead’s consent is established by family members or an existing engagement. The law took its specific, current form in 1959 after a dam burst, killing 423 people. As recently as 2017, a victim of terrorism married his partner posthumously.

32. Danish people are entitled to club a Swedish person over the head with a stick if they cross the frozen sea between the two countries

During the Dano-Swedish War of 1657-58, Sweden invaded Denmark in a most unusual manner. King Charles X Gustav of Sweden planned to cross to the Öresund strait by boat when waters were calm. However, in late January 1658, the Öresund froze solid, and he simply marched his army across. This took the Danes entirely by surprise: they weren’t expecting an attack until spring! Denmark panicked, and signed the Treaty of Roskilde, which yielded disputed territory to Sweden amongst other unfavorable conditions. Ever since it’s been legal for a Dane to club a Swede marching across the frozen Öresund with a stick.

31. In the 16^th century, all non-noble Englishmen over the age of 6 had to wear a flat cap on a Sunday

The flat cap – beloved of farmers and, latterly, hipsters – has its origins in a truly bizarre English law. In 1571, Parliament passed a law forcing all non-nobles to wear a wool cap on Sundays and holidays. Lawbreakers faced a 3-farthing fine. Parliament passed the officious legislation to boost the domestic wool industry, which found itself in dire straits in 1571. This law was absurd even in its day, and Parliament repealed it in 1597. However, after 26 years, people had grown rather fond of wearing woolen hats. Thus, the law gave birth to the flat cap.

30. In Victoria, Australia, it’s been illegal to fly a kite since 1966

Laws against fun are most common in centuries-old legislation. However, in 1966, Victoria, Australia, proved 20^th-century people could be just as miserable as their ancestors by passing anti-kite legislation. Under the Summary Offences Act 1966, it’s illegal to fly a kite ‘to the annoyance of any person’ in public. Whether this includes people disgusted by others having fun or who just really hate kites is not made clear. This law is still in effect today, and if you break it, you face a whopping $777-fine (c.530 US dollars). Unbelievable, but utterly true.

29. Until 1961, the UK defined suicide as a criminal offense

Suicide is a tragedy, and mustn’t be treated flippantly, but old laws against it are a laughing stock. Until 1961, if you attempted suicide in the UK, instead of receiving help, you’d be punished. In 1958, for example, Lionel Henry Churchill got 6 months in prison after pleading guilty to attempted suicide. Others received hefty fines. Successful suicides lost their possessions to the state, leaving their families both grieving and destitute. However, the claim that attempted suicide was once a capital offense in the UK is an internet myth.

28. Châteauneuf-du-Pape, France, made it illegal to land a flying saucer in the town in 1954

In the mid-20^th century, people were genuinely terrified of aliens and UFOs. It’s only in recent years we’ve seen how seriously governments around the world took UFO reports, too. An exception to this rule came in Châteauneuf-du-Pape in 1954. Mayor Lucien Jeune criminalized the ‘flying over, landing, or taking off of flying saucers’ in the famous winemaking town. Jeune passed the law after a man in northern France reported seeing aliens leaving a ‘cigar-shaped’ spacecraft. Jeune’s son, Elie, dismissed the law as a publicity stunt, but the town effused to overturn the ban in 2016.

27. It’s still illegal to eat a frog that dies in a frog-jumping contest in California

In Calaveras County, California, the annual frog-jumping contest is a big draw. The contest is won by the croaker that jumps the furthest. An incredible 4,000 frogs entered in 2007 alone. Frog-jumping competitions are serious business, and subject to a baffling 1957 state law. ‘If such a frog dies or is killed, it… may not be eaten or otherwise used for any purpose’. Frog handlers say they wouldn’t eat their frog in the unlikely event of its death in a competition, anyway. There is very little explanation for this law, but it’s still in force, so watch out!

26. Chasing greased pigs in public became illegal in Minnesota in 1971

In Minnesota, it’s illegal to have any involvement in events where a pig, greased, oiled or otherwise, is released and wherein the object is the capture of the pig’. Unlike the frog-jumping legal lunacy from California, there is a lot of sense to this oddity. Chasing a pig is cruel to the animal, which runs terrified for its life as people attempt to grab it. It’s also a dangerous activity for human competitors, who risk injuries from the struggling pig or from falling over. Since the law’s passing in 1971, however, numerous breaches have occurred, and it’s rarely enforced.

25. In 1939, French Lick Springs, Indiana, made it illegal for black cats not to wear bells on Friday 13^th

In 1939, French Lick Springs, Indiana, passed a law requiring all black cats to bells on Friday 13^th. A piece of forward-thinking wildlife conservation to help the local birds, you ask? Oh, no – this law is intended to protect people! According to a 1942 New York Times article, it was ‘a war measure to alleviate mental strain upon the populace’. Presumably, hearing a cat’s bell, residents could avoid one crossing their path and bringing bad luck. The article also mentions that when the law wasn’t enforced in 1941, ‘a number of minor mishaps occurred‘. Spooky.

24. The UK Parliament banned celebrating Christmas in 1647

During the English Civil War, the piously-Puritan Parliament fought against the self-indulgent King Charles I. Charles loved the finer things in life and, worst of all, had a Catholic wife! The Puritans wanted to save the soul of the country, and when Charles refused to listen to them, war erupted. Amongst the miserable anti-fun measures they passed was a fast on Christmas Day 1642. 5 years later, Parliament banned celebrating Christmas altogether. The Puritans wanted people to spend Christmas Day in solemn prayer and abstinence, not having fun. Fun-loving Charles II got rid of the rotten law in 1660.

23. In 1440, the Bishop of Tréguier banned football and threatened to excommunicate people caught playing it

Football used to be a far different, vastly more violent, game than modern soccer. Until the 19^th century, ‘football’ involved hundreds of players in two teams physically fighting over a pig’s bladder. The game’s only rule said that you won a game by carrying the ball to a predetermined point. Mob violence, widespread destruction, and even death commonly accompanied a game. Kings across Europe banned football on many occasions, but none went so far as the Bishop of Tréguier. In 1440, he banned the ‘dangerous and scandalous’ sport in his diocese. Anyone ignoring the bishop’s law faced ex-communication!

22. Trial by combat was widely practiced in the middle ages

Remember that bit in Game of Thrones when Tyrion escaped execution by having Bronn fight on his behalf? Well, it’s a real thing taken from history. From the middle of the 1^st millennium in Europe, you could fight to prove your innocence rather than face trial. Depending on what you’d been accused of, you could either fight personally or nominate a deputy, like Tyrion. The logic behind this said God would grant victory to the innocent. Incredibly, you could still demand trial by combat until 1819 in England, and it’s still technically allowed in the US…

21. An old French law banned women from wearing trousers unless riding a bike or holding the reigns of a horse until 2013

In 1800, France passed a law against women ‘dress[ing] like a man’. This peculiar law was intended to prevent women taking men’s jobs. If women could wear trousers rather than massive, flowing frocks, they could take better-paid and more interesting jobs! France modified the law in 1892 and 1900 to reflect changing times. These amendments allowed women to wear trousers when ‘holding a bicycle handlebar or the reins of a horse’. These changes preserved women’s modesty. Otherwise, women had to get express permission to ‘dress like a man’. In 2013, after decades of being rightly ignored, France formally repealed it.

20. In Milan, it’s been illegal not to smile since the 19^th century

A strange and obscure city ordinance from Milan demands everyone in the city smiles. Grumpy looks are punishable by fines, but if you’re at a funeral or visiting a hospital you’re exempt. Why you have to smile is hotly debated. The law dates to the Austrian rule of the city, so perhaps it meant to force people to accept foreign governance. That said, dissidents would presumably be harder to spot. Another theory suggests the Austrians thought a happy-looking city would encourage others to visit, settle in, or trade with Milan. Whatever the law’s origin, though, it’s never enforced today.

19. Swiss law made it illegal for homes not to have access to nuclear bunkers in 1963

During the Cold War, people around the world lived in utter terror of nuclear weapons. After seeing the devastating effect on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, people worried US-Soviet relations would cause all-out nuclear warfare. Most nations resorted to making public information leaflets to teach people how to survive an attack. Switzerland went one further. In 1963, the Swiss government passed the first measures to make sure every inhabitant had access to a nuclear shelter. These laws are still enshrined in Articles 45 and 46 of the Swiss Federal Law on Civil Protection. Most buildings erected since 1963 have their own bunkers.

18. In 1336, Edward III of England passed a law to stop people from getting fat

Obesity isn’t just a modern phenomenon. In 1336, Edward III of England got so sick of his chubby soldiers he passed laws to make them diet. In the law’s words, obesity made people ‘not able to aid themselves nor their liege Lord in time of need’. The law banned people eating more than 2 courses at mealtimes. It also defined soup as a separate course to prevent people calling it a sauce or condiment. Edward also saw overeating as a wider social evil which made people poorer and more sinful. 3 courses could be enjoyed on Feast Days, however.

17. Trial by ordeal was pretty common in the medieval period and beyond

Like trial by combat, trial by ordeal relied upon God helping innocent people, and developed c.500 AD. The accused would have to undertake a painful task to prove their innocence. This could be walking a certain distance through open fire or holding a red-hot piece of metal for a while. Charlemagne, the famous king of the Franks, had the accused and accuser hold up a side of a cross each. The first to lower their side lost. You’d have a much better chance if given bread blessed by a priest. So long as you didn’t choke, you were innocent.

16. In Western Australia, it’s still illegal to possess more than 50kg of potatoes

Watch out, potato lovers of Western Australia. Since 1946, it’s been illegal to own or possess more than 50kg of spuds. Like many absurd other laws on this list, the potato stricture does have a reasonable origin. In 1946, Australia was recovering from the ravages of World War II. With food scarce, many sought to profit from selling commodities at inflated prices on the black market. Preventing the stockpiling of potatoes, an important food, the Western Australian government hoped to ameliorate the supply crisis. These days, the law preserves the farmers’ monopoly and ensures prices are in their favour.

15. If you committed slander under Norman Law, you had to pay damages and stand in a marketplace holding your nose telling everyone you were a liar

During the Norman period of English History (1066-1154), kings were hot on name-calling and slander. The first Norman king, after all, spent his whole life being called ‘William the Bastard’ because his parents weren’t married. Under their law, someone found guilty of slander had to pay a huge fine to the victim. Then they had to stand in a marketplace – the center of a medieval town – and hold their nose. In this ridiculous pose, the convicted would inform all passers-by of their crime. Public humiliation has long been an effective means of preventing crime.

14. An existing Act of 1405 means any English place without stocks is a hamlet

On the subject of public humiliation, stocks are a quirky part of English History. First mentioned in 1227, stocks are wooden devices to restrain people in one place. Persistent naggers, liars, drunkards, and petty thieves found themselves locked in stocks, where locals pelted them with rotten fruit or dung. Medieval English law demanded that all parishes running their own affairs possessed their own stocks. An Act of 1405 states that any village without stocks is, in fact, a mere hamlet, with fewer rights. Since this law has never been repealed, there are some very large hamlets in England!

13. The City of London banned long beards during Henry VIII’s reign

In the 16^th century, the Alderman of the City of London passed a law against ‘persons with great beards’. It’s unclear why, but the rest of the Ordinance also warns people to be suspicious of those wearing ‘outrageous breeches’. Presumably, the City of London experienced problems with bearded hooligans in silly trousers during Henry VIII’s reign. It’s no longer enforceable, which is a relief to London’s many hipsters passing through the Square Mile. Unconfirmed legends persist that Henry himself passed a tax on beards during his reign.

12. Laws in Ancient Rome were meant to stop people wasting money on frivolous clothes and banquets

Back in the days when Rome had kings, the government sought to protect the Roman people from frivolity and excess. They placed limits on how much someone could spend on banquets and items of clothing. However, such laws also became a means of social control. Simultaneously, these strictures (known as sumptuary laws) made certain restrictions based on a person’s social status. Togas, for instance, could only be worn by Roman citizens, and purple by royalty. Other clothes and bits of jewelry could only be worn by high-status citizens. You could learn a lot about someone in Ancient Rome from their appearance.

11. Massachusetts banned people from wearing fancy clothes in the 17^th century

Sumptuary laws like the Roman ones we’ve just learned about have been passed throughout history. They even reached the New World with the Pilgrim Fathers. But where elsewhere rules about dress tried to maintain the rigid social hierarchy, the Puritans had moral motivations. The Puritans preferred modest and practical clothing and raged against the vanity of ‘new and immodest fashions’ from Europe. In 1634, the Plymouth General Court banned lace and silver and gold thread altogether. These laws didn’t last long, however, as the first European settlers got seriously rich, and wanted to look good.

10. Prostitutes in Venice had to wear yellow in the 1420s

As an important trading port, medieval Venice provided a home for many prostitutes. Men who’d been at sea for months came to shore hoping to have a good time before their next voyage. In 1360, the Venetian government tried to control prostitution by confining brothels to the Castelletto area near the Rialto market. Still, the trade grew, and the government wanted to capitalize on increased tax revenue. Thus in the 1420s, in order to accommodate more red-light districts, they established further areas, but forced all prostitutes to wear the color yellow to avoid confusion.

9. In the early 15^th century, the city of Chester banned Welshmen from being there at night ‘under pain of decapitation’

Between 1400 and 1415, Wales got sick of being bullied and exploited by its noisy neighbour, England, and rebelled. Led by Owain Glyndŵr, the Welsh were ultimately unsuccessful after a series of bloody battles for independence. In 1403 the Earl of Chester was so worried he passed a notorious anti-Welsh law. He banished all Welsh sympathizers from Chester, a city near the Welsh border. Worse still, he banned all Welshmen from Chester between sundown and sunrise ‘on pain of decapitation’. There is no evidence the city ever repealed the law. The Earl, by the way, later became King Henry V.

8. It used to be illegal to blow your nose on the street in Newmarket

Newmarket, in Suffolk, UK, is the birthplace of horse racing. The sport dates back to the 12^th century in Newmarket, but James I popularised it after building a palace there in 1606. From this time, the sport increased in popularity and became a big business. So big, in fact, the town passed laws to protect the horses. It used to be illegal to blow your nose in the street, lest the valuable racing horses caught your sickness. Further, anyone walking around ‘with a head cold or distemper’ had to pay a hefty fine. Both laws have now been repealed.

7. The Window Tax of 1696 gave us the expression ‘daylight robbery’

In 1696, Parliament first passed the notorious Window Tax. This ingenious scheme charged people tax based on the number of windows on their house. The more windows, the bigger the house, and the wealthier the owner: fair enough? Well, the English did not respond at all positively. The king, William of Orange, was taxing light, for goodness’ sake! In response, many people simply bricked up their windows to avoid paying the tax. Parliament scrapped Window Tax in 1851. The expression, ‘daylight robbery‘, comes from the Window Tax. Rather than robbery in broad daylight, it means the literal theft of daylight.

6. The Witchcraft Act of 1736 made it okay to be a witch, but illegal to pretend to be one

Witchcraft used to be illegal around the world. In England, witchcraft became a criminal (rather than ecclesiastical) offense after the Witchcraft Act of 1604. But when the furore over witches died down, a new age of enlightenment took over. Thus, the 1736 Witchcraft Act took a different stance. This repealed the preceding legislation that punished witchcraft with death. However, it had an interesting caveat. The Act made it illegal for anyone to ‘pretend to exercise or use any kind of witchcraft. In other words, being a witch was fine, but pretending to be one got you a year in prison!

5. A 1542 law passed in Scotland made it possible to punish a corpse for treason

With all the topsy-turvy events and power changes in 16^th century Scotland, someone was always out for revenge or restitution. It’s no surprise, therefore, that post-mortem punishment for treason got introduced in 1542. During the reigns of Mary, Queen of Scots, and her son James VI, corpses regularly appeared in court. Officials exhumed corpses and often embalmed them for the occasion. The only prohibition stated that prosecution had to take place within 5 years of the traitor’s death. A corpse on trial is one thing, but a skeleton charged with treason is just plain silly.

4. In 1233, it became illegal to refuse a knighthood in England

You’d think getting a knighthood would be a great honor, but you’d be surprised. Back in the medieval period, being made knight cost loads of money. You had to buy loads of silly clothes and ceremonial suits of armor and give liberal amounts to the king. Oh, and risk your life in battle. In 1233, tight-fisted Roger of Dudley refused to attend his own knighting ceremony after realizing how much it’d cost. Alas for Roger, the last laugh came at his expense, quite literally. Henry III immediately passed a law against refusing knighthoods and confiscated the ungrateful swine’s lands.

3. George I passed a law making it illegal for a commoner’s pet to fornicate with a royal animal

During George I’s reign (1714-27), power shifted from monarch to parliament, with Britain’s first de facto Prime Minister, Robert Walpole. This didn’t stop George passing some silly laws, however. Most famously, he didn’t want common animals getting too familiar with his own. ‘The severest penalties will be suffered by any commoner who doth permit his animal to have carnal knowledge of a pet of the Royal house’, roared the legislation. The ‘severest penaltys’, by the way, potentially meant execution. It’s still illegal to let your pets copulate with royal animals, though the UK scrapped the death penalty long ago.

2. Batman wouldn’t have lasted long in 17^th century England

During Charles II’s reign, a group of vigilantes found themselves on the wrong side of the law. All apprentice boys, tried to destroy a brothel in 1663. Unfortunately, they wound up standing trial for high treason, since ‘for men to go about to pull down brothels, with a captain and an ensign… who is safe?’ The Chief Justice convicted them. A few decades later, yet more crusaders against sin tried to burn down a brothel, and got convicted of treason. The judge acknowledged brothels as ‘a nuisance’, but said destroying them took ‘the right out of the queen’s hand’.

1. In the middle ages, animals could be tried in courts for criminal offenses

Our final item may well be the stupidest of our weird laws. Across Europe in the middle ages, people sometimes tried animals in court. Small animals, such as mice and insects, got ecclesiastical trials for destroying grain or damaging churches. Such small fry usually got excommunicated. Larger creatures like pigs and horses faced secular prosecution for injury or murder and usually got a death sentence. One man in France, whose pig killed a young child, got convicted of negligence, but the animal was hanged for murder. Though we treat animals better these days, we thankfully don’t treat them this much like humans!

Where did we find this stuff? Here are our sources:

My London News – The Remarkable Reason Why The Queen Owns All Of The Swans In England

National Geographic Channel – Wacky Texas Laws: Guess Which of These 4 Are Real

Library of Congress – Odd Laws of the United Kingdom

Slater Gordon Lawyers – 14 Of The Most Obscure Australian Laws You’ve Never Heard Of

USA Today – Weirdest Laws Passed In Every State

The Connexion France – Women Wearing Trousers Was Illegal In France Until 2013

AEON – Why The Trial By Ordeal Was Actually An Effective Test Of Guilt

JSTOR Daily – When Societies Put Animals on Trial

Medium – 10 Animals That Were Put on Trial

Bartlett, Robert. Trial by Fire and Water: The Medieval Judicial Ordeal. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

Bratskeir, Kate. “The Craziest Laws That Still Exist In The United States”. The Huffington Post, January 22, 2016.

Cawthorne, Nigel. The Strange Laws of Old England. London: Piatkus, 2004.

Davies, Lizzie. “French Woman Marries Dead Partner”. The Guardian, November 17, 2009.

Hutton, Ronald. The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2017.

Karras, Ruth Mazo. Law and the Illicit in Medieval Europe. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008.

Lauter, Deborah. “Women in Paris Finally Allowed to Wear Trousers”. The Daily Telegraph, February 3, 2013.

Riello, Giorgio, ed. The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, c. 1200-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.