8. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
The Thirty Years’ War, spanning from 1618 to 1648, was a devastating conflict that ravaged Central Europe. Originating from religious tensions within the Holy Roman Empire, it expanded into a complex struggle involving various European powers. The war led to the destruction of numerous towns and cities, with some regions experiencing population declines of over 50%. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 concluded the war, significantly altering the political landscape of Europe (britannica.com).
