17. ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, Basque Country)
ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna) launched a decades-long campaign for Basque independence from Spain, marked by bombings, assassinations, and kidnappings. Their violent tactics polarized the Basque region and Spanish society, drawing comparisons to other European separatist movements. After years of conflict and failed negotiations, ETA officially disbanded in 2018. Their legacy remains divisive—viewed by some as patriots and by others as terrorists—yet their impact on Spanish politics is undeniable.
