16 Royals Who Suffered From Hereditary Mutations And Defects Caused By Inbreeding

10. Empress Elisabeth’s Cousin, King Ludwig II, Was Deposed for His Madness

King Ludwig II, also of the House of Wittelsbach, was known for being completely out of touch with reality. A century after Marie Antoinette of France (herself a Habsburg, who may have been spared some of the worst effects of inbreeding) was known for her excesses, and expensive tastes, King Ludwig II of Bavaria built grand, opulent palaces as a means of escaping reality. He was known for being mentally unstable and completely out of touch with the physical world around him.

When Ludwig was a child, his mother noted his penchant for dressing up and having a vivid imagination. When he ascended to the throne at the age of 18, he had no political experience but still possessed the vision of a little boy. To keep himself within the dream world that he had created, he became a personal patron of the composer Richard Wagner. In his world of grand palaces and artistic expression, he had all of the comforts of a king but carried out none of the responsibilities. Meanwhile, the government of Bavaria was struggling to run the state while controlling the king’s wastefulness.

When he was deposed and then murdered in 1886, his brother, Otto, ascended to the throne. However, a regent ruled in his place, as Otto was found to be even more deluded than Ludwig.

Age: 41 (1845-1886)
Birthplace: Nymphenburg Palace, Germany

11. King Tut Had a Cleft Palate and Elongated Skull

Consanguinity didn’t begin in Europe. It could be seen as far back as ancient Egypt, when the goddess Isis married her brother, Osiris, in order to maintain a pure bloodline. Many pharaohs followed this tradition, including the parents of the legendary King Tutankhamen. While he is often viewed in pop culture as a boy king, one who would need an incredible amount of self-assuredness and physical strength, he was probably a frail, sickly child. Scans of his mummy show that he had a cleft palate, club foot, and elongated skull, along with persistent malaria. Rather than speeding down Egyptian roads in a chariot, he probably had to walk with a cane.

The first-ever DNA study that was conducted on an Egyptian mummy was done on King Tut, and it revealed that he was, in fact, the product of a high level of incest. In fact, his mother was probably not Nefertiti, as was previously assumed, but rather a sister of King Akhenaten. Because of the compromised immunity brought about by inbreeding, the boy pharaoh was probably not murdered but died due to his body’s inability to cope with the necrosis in his foot coupled with persistent malaria and other infections.

Despite his feebleness, King Tut made the same mistake as his father and married his sister. Their children did not survive.

12. Cleopatra Was Not Stunningly Beautiful — She Was Probably Obese

History remembers Cleopatra as not only a robust female ruler but also an enchanting seductress, who allegedly had herself smuggled to Julius Caesar by wrapping herself inside a rug. However, the Cleopatra of pop culture bears little to no resemblance to the actual queen of Egypt; in fact, today’s audience might not even recognize her.

Cleopatra was a Ptolemy, and as was the custom of that dynasty, her parents were brother and sister. In fact, kings were required to marry their sisters in order to acquire their power. Cleo herself was married to her 10-year-old brother when she was only 18 years old and eventually married the other one, as well. In keeping with her genetic line, she bore marks of inbreeding, one of which was probably obesity.

Archeologists have found that many Egyptian royals were overweight, owing at least in part to a diet heavy in beer and bread. However, incest may also have played a role. Cleopatra herself had a hooked nose, a round face, and fat hanging under her chin. Roman propaganda probably showed her as being the indomitable beauty that we think of today, but she wasn’t the Elizabeth Taylor who played her in the 1963 movie.

Age: 39 (68 BC-29 BC)
Birthplace: Alexandria, Egypt

13. Princess Nahienaena’s People Turned Against Her For Incest

Protestant missionaries educated princess Nahienaena of Hawaii in the early 1800s. She was also romantically involved with her brother, King Kamehameha III, since childhood and was all too eager to marry him, much to the chagrin of the missionaries. Tradition ran against the power of the ministers, as the royal family was accustomed to intermarriage to keep the bloodline pure. When the siblings were married in 1825, she was expelled from the church.

Nahienaena was sincerely repentant, as she greatly respected the missionaries. However, her repentance was not accepted by the church, and she was soon found to be pregnant with her brother’s child. With her people now converted, they shunned her, and she lived in isolation until the child’s birth. The baby died within just a few hours, probably because of genetic problems stemming from generations of inbreeding, and the disgraced princess lived the rest of her life in shock and grief. She was finally accepted back into the church shortly before her death.

Age: 21 (1815-1836)
Born: Keauhou, Hawaii

14. King Rama V Had Many Wives But Only Showed One In Public

King Chulalongkorn, also known as Rama V, was immortalized in the fictionalized story of Anna and the King, as he was one of the children educated by the British educator, Anna Leonowens. The Chakri dynasty, of which Rama V was a member, routinely engaged in marriages among cousins and other relatives. Kings usually had harems, leading to dozens of children. Many of the half-siblings that grew up in these harems married each other.

Unlike many royals who suffered from the worse aspects of inbreeding, like the Habsburg jaw and insanity, King Rama V is credited with the modernization of Siam, now known as Thailand, and for keeping it from becoming colonized by the British. He built public hospitals and a railway and also abolished slavery. With his harem of 153 wives, concubines, and consorts, he fathered 77 children. Many of them were sent to Europe for formal education.

However, because of the disgrace which he knew would be looked upon him by Western leaders, he only showed one of his wives — Queen Saovabha — in public. The shame, he knew, would be due not so much to the polygamy but rather to the incest, as many of his wives were biologically related to him. However, he claimed that his preference for being shown with only one wife was due to custom.

15. Nero’s Insanity May Have Been From Inbreeding

Much modern scholarship has focused on trying to understand the darker underbelly of Roman culture, such as why there was so much lead poisoning and how it contributed to the fall of the greatest empire in history. One particular aspect of Roman history that is interesting to some historians is how incest and inbreeding may have generated insanity among the emperors. Moreover, perhaps no emperor is more famous for madness than Nero, the man who fiddled while Rome burned and was accused of having sex with his own mother.

The Roman royals often intermarried for the same reasons as later European royal families: to keep wealth and prestige within the family and reduce contention over who should be heir to the throne. Nero was the son of a niece and her uncle, Agrippina and Claudius, who may have had an inbred pedigree going back generations. Agrippina agreed to marry him to strengthen her son’s claim to the throne, something that ultimately proved to be a somewhat dangerous thing for the citizens of Rome. Not only had lead poisoning severely depleted his mental faculties, but his inbreeding may have assumed that he didn’t have many faculties to begin with.

Age: 31 (37AD-68AD)
Born: Antium, Italy

16. Caligula’s Bloodthirst Was Likely Fueled By Inbreeding

Nero may be the most infamous of all Roman emperors, but he was not the only one to have a family tree that grew straight up. Caligula (also known as Gaius Caesar), who has been accused by many of engaging in incestuous relations with his sisters (something that he may or may not have done), descended from a pedigree of biological relatives marrying each other to keep money, power, and the bloodline intact. His reign was defined by both lust and lunacy.

His father, Germanicus, was beloved by the Roman people, and, believing Caligula would possess the same characteristics, they were more than happy to coronate him as the new emperor. However, after an illness six months into his reign, he proved that he was not the same person as his father. Caligula forced parents to watch the tortures and executions of their children. Claiming to be a god, he had a bridge built between the Temple of Zeus and his own palace so that he could more easily convene with the deity. He was assassinated by his unhappy public when, after a sports event, guardsmen stabbed him 30 times.

Where did we find this stuff? Here are our sources:

“Family Tree of the Habsburg Dynasty,” by Dr. Ursula Stickler. The Open University. January 10, 2017.

“Inbreeding and the downfall of the Spanish Habsburgs,” by Razib Khan. Discover Magazine, April 14, 2009.

“Case Closed: Famous Royals Suffered from Hemophilia.” Science Mag. October 8, 2009.

“Five Myths and Truths About Rasputin,” by Albinko Hasic. Time Magazine. December 29, 2016.”

“King Tut Mysteries Solved: Was Disabled, Malarial, and Inbred,” by Ker Than. National Geographic News, February 17, 2010.

“What was the truth about the madness of George III?” BBC Magazine. April 15, 2013.

“10 Mad Royals in History” by Shanna Freeman. How Stuff Works.

“The Tragic Austrian Empress Who Was Murdered by Anarchists,” by Hadley Meares. History. January 4, 2018.

“The Tragic Story of the Mad Queen of Castile Who Slept Next to Her Husband’s Corpse,” by Paolo Chua. Esquire Magazine. April 28, 2018.

“King Ludwig II of Bavaria” The German Way.

“How The Royal Disease Destroyed The Life Of Russia’s Last Tsarevich”. Oleg Yegorov. Russia Beyond. AUG 2018.

“Ferdiand I, Emperor of Austria.” Encyclopedia Britannica. June 25, 2018.

“Cleopatra.” New World Encyclopedia.

“Nahienaena,” Encyclopedia Britannica. November 15, 2007.

“Chulalongkorn, King of Siam.” Encyclopedia Britannica. July 20, 1998.

“Ten Royal Families Riddled With Incest,” by Kindree Cushing. November 26, 2014.

“Caligula Biography.” The biography.com website. April 27, 2017.