14 Historical Wounds That Continue to Shape China’s Foreign Policy

13. The Impact of Foreign Missionaries

During the late Qing period, foreign missionaries were often linked to colonial ambitions, sometimes leading to violence and deepening the distrust of foreign intervention in domestic affairs. These suspicions inform modern policy on NGOs. For context, see the article “How China’s Christians Cope with Crackdowns” in The Diplomat. (thediplomat.com).