5. Russia
Russia has faced stringent sanctions, particularly after the 2014 annexation of Crimea and the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Western-led sanctions target energy exports, financial systems, and individual elites, aiming to cripple the Russian economy and pressure Moscow to withdraw. The post-2022 measures outpace most historical sanctions in scale and coordination, resembling the economic isolation of Iran but with broader global impact due to Russia’s market size. Enforcement and evasion remain contentious issues.
