13. The First Balkan War (1912)
The First Balkan War, fought from October 1912 to May 1913, was a brief yet transformative conflict in the Balkans. The Balkan League—comprising Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia—united to expel the Ottoman Empire from its remaining European territories (history.com). Within less than two months, the League achieved significant victories, leading to the Treaty of London on May 30, 1913, which partitioned the Ottoman holdings among the victors and established Albania as an independent state.
