7. Spain and Portugal
Long-standing rivals for colonial dominance, Spain and Portugal clashed for centuries. Today, they form the Iberian partnership, working closely in the European Union and sharing cross-border initiatives in commerce and the environment. In 2021, both nations committed to jointly developing digital infrastructures, including data processing centers and submarine cables, and to implementing 5G networks and edge computing. This collaboration aims to enhance connectivity and promote digital entrepreneurship across the Iberian Peninsula (lamoncloa.gob.es).
