Post-Russian Revolution Pogroms
The chaos following World War I and the Russian Revolution created opportunities for unprecedented violence against Jews. Between 1918 and 1921, various military factions killed between 30,000-70,000 Jews across Ukraine and Belarus. White Army forces, Ukrainian nationalists, and Polish troops attacked Jewish communities already suffering from war. The violence exceeded even the worst Tsarist-era pogroms in brutality and scale. These attacks devastated the vibrant Jewish culture of Eastern European shtetls.
