Chmielnicki Uprising
Cossacks under Bohdan Chmielnicki massacred tens of thousands of Jews in Ukraine during 1648-1649. They targeted Jews as economic intermediaries in Polish-Lithuanian territories. Entire Jewish communities disappeared in the wake of these attacks. Survivors fled to safer regions. The scale of destruction rivaled later pogroms. Many Jews worked as tax collectors and managers for Polish nobles, making them visible targets.
