13. The Battle of Siffin (657 CE)
The Battle of Siffin ended without a clear military victor, yet Ali’s forces lost significant political traction. However, this conflict set the stage for a profound legacy—the enduring Sunni-Shia split that continues to influence the Islamic world. The aftermath of Siffin reshaped religious and political landscapes, ensuring its impact long outlasted the indecisive result on the battlefield.



