2. The Chinese Coolie Trade and Forced Labor
In the mid-19th century, thousands of Chinese laborers were trafficked to the Americas under what were known as “coolie” contracts. These agreements promised opportunity, but many found themselves facing harsh conditions, coercion, and violence—echoing aspects of chattel slavery. Chinese coolies worked on Southern plantations and the transcontinental railroad, enduring grueling labor with little recourse or rights. Their experiences are a stark reminder of how forced labor practices extended beyond the African American narrative. For more, visit Smithsonian Magazine.
