18. February Revolution: End of Tsarist Russia
In February 1917, mounting frustration erupted into mass protests in Petrograd, triggered by severe food shortages, war fatigue, and widespread dissatisfaction with the monarchy. Strikes and demonstrations rapidly escalated, drawing support from soldiers who refused orders to suppress the revolt. With the capital descending into chaos, pressure intensified on Nicholas II to relinquish power. Realizing the situation was untenable and facing the collapse of authority, Nicholas abdicated the throne on March 15, 1917, ending over three centuries of Romanov rule. His abdication marked not only the final chapter of imperial Russia, but also a profound turning point in world history.
