4. The Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)
In 1832, South Carolina declared the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the state. This assertion of states’ rights challenged federal authority and heightened tensions between state and federal governments. President Andrew Jackson responded by issuing a proclamation against South Carolina and seeking congressional approval for the Force Bill, which authorized the use of military force to enforce federal laws (britannica.com).
