3. The Peninsular War
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal unleashed a brutal and protracted conflict now known as the Peninsular War. French forces faced relentless guerrilla attacks, stretching supply lines thin and sapping morale.
This war not only drained men and resources but also inspired widespread resistance across Europe. The BBC notes how the Peninsular War provided a blueprint for challenging French dominance, exposing cracks in Napoleon’s seemingly invincible empire.
