11. Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895)
The Self-Strengthening Movement (1861-1895) was China’s initial attempt to modernize by adopting Western technologies while retaining traditional values. This period focused on military and industrial advancements, such as establishing arsenals and shipyards, to strengthen the nation. However, the movement faced challenges due to internal resistance and limited scope, hindering its overall success (stanford.edu).
