15. President John F. Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs
President John F. Kennedy’s indecision and last-minute changes to the Bay of Pigs Invasion plan led to disaster in 1961. Hesitating over air support and covert involvement, Kennedy’s wavering undermined the operation, resulting in a failed mission and major diplomatic embarrassment for the United States. This episode remains a powerful example of how uncertainty at the top can have global repercussions. Explore further at the JFK Library.



