The Pasttimes of Presidents

2. Thomas Jefferson relaxed with a violin, or a drafting table

In his youth, Thomas Jefferson was an accomplished violinist, and his account books indicate one instrument which he purchased may have been manufactured by the shop of Nicolo Amati. Jefferson retained the instrument for the rest of his life, but his purchase of strings for his violins (he was known to have owned at least three) seemed to slow by the 1790s, following a fall from horseback in which he severely injured a wrist. There are few accounts of his continuing to play following the death of his wife, Martha, to whom he had sung and played while wooing her.

By the time he became president, Jefferson was an accomplished and self-taught architect, designing his estate at Monticello, an octagonal house for his retreat at Poplar Forest (the first octagonal house in America), a plantation house which is now the main clubhouse for the Farmington Country Club in Virginia, the Virginia State House, and numerous other structures where he acted as a consultant. After his presidency, he designed the Rotunda at the University of Virginia, as well as the Lawn and other buildings on the campus. Over six hundred documents on architecture and his designs are held by the Massachusetts Historical Society.

3. James Madison, like many presidents, enjoyed the game of chess

The Virginians among the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe) were all avid chess players, though Madison may have been the most appreciative of the game as a distraction from the cares of office. Madison was not a social lion, disliking small talk and the elaborate mannerisms of formal affairs. Once, during a levee hosted at his White House, he spent the entire evening involved in a chess match with John Quincy Adams, oblivious to his guests and the entertainment. Madison was a neighbor of Jefferson’s in Virginia, and often played games with him that lasted four hours or more.

Madison played with several members of the Constitutional Convention, including Benjamin Franklin, who gave the Virginian a chess set made from ivory, a replica of which is on display at Montpelier, Madison’s Virginia plantation. Madison’s love of the game impelled him to frequently play on Sundays, a violation of the Sabbath in 18^th century Virginia, which he justified by calling the activity an intellectual exercise rather than a game for pure amusement. Madison’s favorite chess set was red and white, rather than the traditional black and white commonly found today.

4. John Quincy Adams enjoyed swimming, though not in the Potomac as legend suggests

Swimming was a popular form of exercise though few pools designed for the purpose existed in the early 19^th century. Swimmers resorted to local bodies of water for their recreation. Washington DC was blessed with several such bodies of water, including the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, and Tiber Creek. It was the latter which was the destination for John Quincy Adams when he left the White House for his daily swim during the warm months, and he did usually swim naked, as was the custom for men and boys of the day. But the legend of his being accosted by a female reporter who sat on his clothes until he agreed to an interview is utterly false.

The second President Adams is also sometimes described as keeping a pet alligator in the White House, another falsehood often repeated but with no basis in fact. He did however install a billiards table in the White House, the first, though he was not the first president to enjoy the game. Washington played billiards too. Adams’ billiard table drew the wrath of some in Congress and the hostile press, who derided the president for installing gambling devices in the executive mansion. Adams paid for the offending table out of his own pocket.

5. Andrew Jackson bred horses at the Hermitage in Tennessee and the White House

Andrew Jackson didn’t put up with congressional grumbling about gambling devices during his tenure in the White House. Jackson was a gambler all of his life, fond of cards, dice, backgammon, cockfights, and horse racing. Before he was elected to the presidency, he was known in Tennessee for the racehorses he bred at the Hermitage, his plantation home. As president he continued to breed horses, using the White House stables, and he kept several race horses to run them in Maryland and Virginia. He bet heavily on the races.

Jackson – who carried a bullet in his chest most of his life, a memento from a duel – was a noted equestrian himself, and rode frequently through the streets of Washington and in the countryside surrounding the then-small city. Jackson also enjoyed shooting, firing pistols and rifles at targets while standing on the White House porch. Though some have reported that President Jackson held cockfights at the White House no contemporaneous evidence of his doing so has been found, though cockfights were often held at the Hermitage, his Tennessee home.

6. Martin Van Buren was another president who loved to gamble on horses

Martin Van Buren was a resident of New York most of his life, and thus was a member of the elite eastern society detested by Andrew Jackson, thought the two men shared a passion for horses and betting on them. Van Buren served as Jackson’s second vice president, though he was one of Jackson’s most trusted advisors during his first term, when John C. Calhoun served as vice president. Jackson and Van Buren were frequently found riding about the streets of Washington, discussing affairs of state as well as the relative merits of the horses upon which they were mounted.

As president, Van Buren purchased a small farm in Kinderhook, New York, which he named Lindenwald after the linden trees which grew in the area. Though he did not move to the farm until after his presidency, he used it to gratify his interest in cultivating new varieties of fruits and vegetables. Van Buren was a single-term president, though from his farm he campaigned for office in the elections of 1844 and 1848, before finally accepting full retirement from office. He was also interested in modernization of houses, including furnace systems and indoor bathrooms, both of which were installed at Lindenwald.

7. John Tyler’s presidency was pressure filled from the start

John Tyler was the first vice-president to ascend to the position of chief executive due to the death of his predecessor. At the time, serious questions over whether the Constitution authorized him to do so were debated in Washington and in the press. Tyler asserted his authority in such a manner as to alienate members of the Whig Party. They voted, while he was in office, to expel him from the party, the only president to be so treated by his own political party. He was also threatened with impeachment in the House of Representatives during his single term.

His presidency was marked by continuous pressure, questioning his legitimacy in office and the steps he took running the government. To escape the pressure Tyler fell back on his lifelong love of reading, in particular the plays of William Shakespeare. He also made allusions to recent American writers, including Edgar Allan Poe. And, it should be noted, that he fathered fifteen children through his two wives, the last with his wife Julia Gardner Tyler when the former president was 70 years of age. Besides Shakespeare, Tyler clearly had another means of dealing with stress throughout his life.

8. Abraham Lincoln enjoyed getting out of the house whenever he could

Access to the president was far less controlled in Lincoln’s time than it is now, and the president was continuously hounded by job seekers and others coming to the White House to gain an interview with him. Lincoln enjoyed leaving the house on horseback or in a carriage, often visiting the nearby Soldier’s Home. He also left on foot, walking to the War Department to monitor the progress of battles and troop movements during the Civil War via the office’s telegraph. Lincoln also enjoyed the theater throughout his term in office, gaining a respite from the strains which marked his presidency for a few hours. He too enjoyed Shakespeare’s plays.

A less well-known leisure activity enjoyed by President Lincoln helped him escape from his office, often in company with his son Tad. Lincoln enjoyed visiting the US Patent Office, which at the time had a large display hall with models built to demonstrate inventions. Lincoln, the only American president to hold a patent, had extensive experience in patent law from his days as a lawyer in Springfield. He was able to view the displays, which included Benjamin Franklin’s printing press, in relative peace, admiring American ingenuity displayed in so many forms.

9. Andrew Johnson relaxed by making his own suits

Andrew Johnson was the first president to endure lengthy impeachment proceedings in the House of Representatives and a subsequent trial in the Senate, where he was acquitted by a narrow margin. At his inauguration as vice president, he delivered a long-winded oration which led many of his listeners to conclude that he was drunk. Johnson secluded himself in his residence at a Washington hotel for the next several weeks and was there when he learned that Abraham Lincoln had been assassinated. He had met with Lincoln in the White House earlier that same day.

Johnson had been a tailor before he entered politics, and he maintained his skills in that trade, making, altering, and repairing his own clothes as a means of escaping his woes. It may have helped him to relax but it did little to enhance his reputation in office. Johnson found it necessary to defend himself and his policies at every opportunity; during one speech on Washington’s Birthday meant to honor the first president Johnson referred to himself over 200 times. Johnson also believed that some in congress were out to get him, including suggesting that some were plotting his assassination.

10. President Grant was an accomplished sketch artist and painter

Ulysses S. Grant is remembered as one of America’s foremost soldiers, the Commander of the Army of the Potomac, which ironically is a position he never held. George Meade held that post under Grant, who was the commander of all Union Armies beginning in 1864. After his presidency ended Grant wrote his memoirs while dying of throat cancer, and when they were published, they revealed that Grant was also a writer of considerable skill. His memoirs remain a popular reference among Civil War buffs and historians 150 years later. Grant was also a talented sketch artist and painter, both activities he enjoyed for leisure.

Grant had been taught drafting and drawing at West Point, both skills required of an officer in military service. He was meticulous in details in his drawings and in paintings, in which he always used the medium of watercolors. Grant enjoyed painting while at West Point, during his military career, his presidency, and in retirement, including while traveling in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. A painting by Grant of an Indian trader is on display at the United States Military Academy Museum, West Point. His work can also be found in museums and private collections across the country, many of them reproductions.

11. James Garfield had a number of hobbies and toys with which he relaxed

James Garfield was president for just a few months before he was assassinated, but during his short term, he impressed visitors to the White House with his language skills. He was ambidextrous and challenged visitors to ask him a question, which he would then answer in writing using both hands simultaneously, with one answer written in Greek, and the other in Latin. He was also fluent in German, and when visiting German neighborhoods while campaigning often spoke in the language. His interest in mathematics led to him developing a new proof of the Pythagorean Theorem.

He also enjoyed physical play. For both amusement and exercise, Garfield juggled Indian war clubs, gifts to the White House during previous administrations. The clubs were heavy, shaped similarly to modern bowling pins, and Garfield’s ability to juggle several at once is a testimony to his physical strength. Garfield also found solace from the trials of his job reading the Bible. He was the first and to date only ordained minister to serve as president (Disciples of Christ). Throughout his life, Garfield also relaxed through outdoor activities such a fishing and hunting.

12. Chester Arthur relaxed with long walks around Washington in the middle of the night

Chester Arthur ascended to the presidency upon the death of James Garfield, and served out the remainder of his term, choosing not to run for election at its end. His presidency is little remembered, though it was politically charged, with many of his opponents claiming Arthur had been born in Canada (rather than Vermont) and was thus ineligible for the office. Under Arthur, the national civil service was reformed to eliminate patronage jobs. He also worked to expand and modernize the US Navy. Arthur dealt with the pressures of office in a variety of ways, all of which drew scorn from his political foes.

One was in dressing. Arthur was a dandy, who changed clothes several times each day. It was said that while in the White House the president owned more than 80 pairs of pants. He appeared in different suits for each of his meals throughout the day. For Arthur the days were long. The president, who replaced a murdered president, liked to leave the White House late at night, often as late as 3 AM, and stroll about the nearly empty streets of the Capital. Arthur also enjoyed taking time off to go fishing, and often conducted business while fishing with friends.

13. Rutherford B. Hayes enjoyed a good croquet match

Rutherford B. Hayes entered the White House as a result of one of the most contentious and corrupt elections in American history. Hayes did not win the popular vote. In fact, his opponent captured a majority of the popular vote, which led to a constitutional crisis when numerous electoral votes were disputed. Throughout his single term presidency, Hayes was referred to as a fraudulent president. Hayes was also widely mocked when his wife banned alcohol from the White House, earning the appellation of Lemonade Lucy.

Hayes relaxed by enjoying the game of croquet on the White House lawn, and after his presidency, that too drew criticism. A committee of the Democratically controlled House investigated Hayes’s reported expenses as president, and discovered that he had purchased a croquet set, which featured boxwood balls, for $16 when another set, without boxwood balls, was available for $6 less. Hayes bought the set under heading of an account for “Repairs and Fuel” for the Executive Mansion. The committee found that the purchase of the croquet set was just part of a “raid on the Federal treasury” conducted by the Hayes administration while it was in office.

14. Theodore Roosevelt had so many hobbies he barely had time left for work

Before, during, and following his presidency, Theodore Roosevelt had hobbies and interests almost too numerous to count. From his youth he enjoyed boxing, and as president he boxed often both in the White House and on its lawns. As president, he added judo and other martial arts. He continued to box until a detached retina cost him his sight in his left eye. The accident was kept secret for more than a decade. Partial loss of his sight did not impair Roosevelt’s love of shooting and hunting, and he frequently relaxed as President by practicing with his many rifles and pistols on the White House lawns and in nearby parks.

Big game hunting became a hobby of Roosevelt’s following the death of his first wife, when he turned to the Dakotas in the west to work out his grief. Buffalo, Grizzlies, Elk, Bighorn Sheep, and other American large animals he shot on his hunts decorated the White House. The president known as Teddy also enjoyed walking on stilts in the White House, and he installed the first tennis court on the White House lawn. He claimed to possess a photographic memory, which he used to be able to identify by sight and sound nearly all known species of North American birds. Somehow, he also found the time to read voraciously, though one wonders how he could sit still long enough to do so.

15. President Taft was obsessed with the game of golf

William Howard Taft was the first American president to admit playing golf while in office, and he played a lot of it during his single term as president. At the time golf was considered a game fit for only the idle rich, due to the time needed to complete a single round. Though Taft was the first to admit playing the game, Roosevelt likely preceded him as a golfing president, doing so covertly. For Taft the game became all-encompassing; he golfed in exhibitions with celebrities and in private groups of friends. “My advice to the middle-aged and older men, who have never played golf, is to take it up”, Taft told The American Golfer Magazine, adding “It will be a rest and recreation from business cares…”

President Taft also relaxed by napping, another practice which he performed publicly. Taft was often reported to be sleeping at public events, including at concerts, in theaters, and regularly while attending church services. Taft was reported as nodding off at the dinner table by more than one guest, including Senator James Watson of Indiana, who wrote that the president’s head, “would fall over on his breast and he would go sound asleep for ten or fifteen minutes”.

16. Woodrow Wilson found the Presidential Yacht relaxing

Woodrow Wilson also enjoyed the game of golf as president, though he wasn’t particularly good at it, despite attempting to play the year around. In winter the president was seen on the White House lawn, even in snow, hitting a golf ball that he had painted black, according to some sources. In the warm months, he found relaxation cruising on the Potomac and in Chesapeake Bay on the Presidential Yacht, USS Mayflower, which was operated by the United States Navy. He also availed himself of the White House stables, keeping horses to ride for recreation and relaxation.

Woodrow Wilson was also a talented impersonator, though some of his impersonations added to his reputation of being openly racist on a later day. He impersonated black accents of the rural south, as well as drunken Irishmen, parsimonious Scotsmen, and others, to amuse guests and friends at the White House. Wilson was the first president to travel overseas while in office, following a brief vacation in Bermuda he sailed to Europe in a German-built vessel seized by the United States, SS George Washington.

17. Warren G. Harding enjoyed golf and poker, as well as womanizing

Long before he became president, Warren G. Harding discovered the game of golf, and played it often, including among his partners the Undersecretary of the Navy, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who had not yet been stricken with polio. Harding also enjoyed poker, and played frequently with friends at the White House, including several of his cronies who were involved in the many scandals which wracked his administration. Those friends became known in the press as his “Poker Cabinet”. Not reported in the press was that the games were frequently accompanied with whiskey, despite Prohibition being the law of the land.

Harding played poker so often that a rumor emerged that he wagered a set of White House china from the 19^th century on a hand, which he lost. According to Alice Roosevelt Longworth, daughter of Theodore Roosevelt and a long-time Washington socialite, the set had been obtained during the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. Mrs. Longworth described the poker games as being littered with “every imaginable brand of whiskey”. One frequent player, Charles Forbes, was later convicted for allowing drugs and alcohol meant for Veterans Hospitals to be diverted to bootleggers.

18. Herbert Hoover built the first presidential retreat in Virginia

Herbert Hoover was a successful and wealthy mining engineer and entrepreneur before he entered public service, and in that role, he learned to love camping and fishing. As president, he wanted a site not too far from Washington where he could relax and take his ease. Virginia’s Shenandoah region beckoned, and Hoover purchased a tract on the eastern side of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Hoover paid for the land with his own money and intended to pay for the construction of the 13 buildings it would grow to, but in the end, he allowed the US Marine Corps to erect the facility as part of their training.

Camp Rapidan it was called, and Hoover used it for extended breaks from the heat and humidity of a Washington summer, while remaining in contact with the government. The president relaxed by fishing, riding, and simply enjoying the views at the rustic site. Hoover donated the camp to the Commonwealth of Virginia before leaving office in 1933, with the expressed hope that it would continue to be used as a summer retreat for the president. His successor, FDR, found the site too rugged to be navigated by his wheelchair.

19. Franklin Roosevelt built a formidable stamp collection

Before polio took away his use of his legs, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a dedicated athlete, swimming, playing golf and tennis, and other sports. He continued to swim after recovering from the first attack of polio, in the belief that it would help strengthen his legs. But his favorite hobby, one on which he worked nearly every day, was his stamp collection. He relaxed with it in the Oval Office, in his private study, while traveling on Navy ships and the Presidential yacht, and whenever he had a bit of spare time to give it his attention. He began collecting stamps at the age of eight. He continued to the day he died.

Roosevelt wasn’t concerned with the financial value of the stamps he collected. He treasured his hobby because the stamps reflected both history and geography, subjects of lifelong interest. Roosevelt cheerfully admitted that nearly 80% of his collection had no particular value at all, calling the stamps “scrap”. By the time of his death in April, 1945, his collection included 1.2 million stamps, all categorized and collated with meticulous care. After his death, the collection was sold at auction, with the stamps given to him officially by foreign governments retained. They are now in the Roosevelt Library.

20. Truman enjoyed walking and playing poker and the piano

Harry Truman, like other presidents before him, was a dedicated poker player, which he enjoyed as relaxation at the White House, aboard his yacht USS Williamsburg, and at his preferred presidential retreat, the Little White House at Key West. His famous sign reading The Buck Stops Here referred not to the dollar, but to the buck passed between dealers in a poker game. Truman also enjoyed bourbon during his playing (and at other times throughout the day), and was reportedly a good, but not a great player. Truman and his playing cronies once had Winston Churchill as a guest in their game.

Churchill lost steadily, to the point where the president directed the other players during break to give the Englishman a break and let him win a few hands. Besides playing poker, Truman also played the piano, and enjoyed performing before an audience from time to time. His most famous means of recreation was his fondness for brisk walks, often with a train of reporters struggling to record the president’s thoughts and keep up with his pace. Truman enjoyed deep sea fishing while at Key West, but more for the camaraderie involved than the taking of game fish.

21. Eisenhower was the president most associated with golf for many years

Dwight Eisenhower enjoyed golf before his presidency, and it became his favorite form of recreation while he occupied the White House. He played as frequently as he could, and it was he who built a putting green on the White House Lawn. But golf was far from the president’s only form of relaxation. He too enjoyed playing cards, but it was the game of bridge, rather than poker, to which he took a fancy. Eisenhower made it a requirement of his staff officers during the Second World War that they are able to play bridge, and play it well. One bridge expert played at the White House and reported that Ike played bridge better than he did golf.

Eisenhower also enjoyed painting, creating over 250 oil paintings beginning with his association with Columbia University in 1948. He painted a few portraits, but the majority of his paintings were landscapes. Eisenhower also enjoyed grilling while visiting Camp David and while at the White House, usually grilling thick steaks for family and guests, using his own special seasonings. When he read for relaxation he preferred western novels, with those of Zane Grey a particular favorite. After retiring to his Gettysburg farm Ike raised prize-winning cattle.

22. Jack Kennedy preferred swimming, sailing, and smoking cigars

President Kennedy loved the water his entire life and spent as much of his time as he could either on or in it. He came from an athletic family, but problems with his back limited his ability to participate too strenuously in the famous touch football games at the Kennedy compound. He did play golf as president, not as often as his predecessor, but according to some, he was a better player than Eisenhower. But it was to the water he turned for relaxation, sometimes sailing himself in family-owned boats and yachts, and often aboard the official Presidential Yacht, USS Sequoia. He also used the Honey Fitz.

Kennedy valued the time aboard Sequoia because it was free from the press and photographers. He spent his last birthday aboard the yacht in May 1963, and he was scheduled to host a cruise accompanied with Jackie and close friends on November 24 of that year. Instead, his body lay in State in Washington on that day. Kennedy also was fond of Camp David, and he purchased an estate to use as a retreat near Middleburg, in Virginia’s horse country. After Kennedy’s assassination, the logs and records of his use of the Presidential Yacht were destroyed for reasons officially never disclosed.

23. Lyndon Johnson liked to frighten guests at his Texas ranch with his Amphicar

Like most 20^th century presidents, Lyndon Johnson loved to drive his own car, an impossibility in Washington. For relaxation, Johnson preferred to visit his ranch, where there were several vehicles available for him to drive, accompanied by his guests. They were his toys, and he loved playing with them, particularly his white Lincoln convertible, which he would drive about the property, happily swigging scotch and soda. Johnson also had a 1934 Ford with a bar in the back seat, which he used for hunting on his property, and a 1915 fire truck on which he liked to ring the bell.

His favorite vehicle for terrorizing his guests was his Amphicar. Amphicars were built in Germany during the 1960s, and fewer than 4,000 were built, but Johnson managed to get his hands on one. The car was designed to operate on roads and on water, with screw propellers engaged it could cross water, though it could not achieve much in the way of speed. Johnson enjoyed approaching the lake on his ranch down a steep grade, before shouting that the brakes weren’t working, crashing into the water while his passengers panicked, before serenely continuing on with the sound of the president’s laughter in their ears.

24. Richard Nixon brought bowling back to the White House

A bowling alley was installed in the White House during the Truman Administration, though Truman did not care for the sport. It was used by staff with his approval, but in 1955 during the Eisenhower Administration, it was moved across the street to the Executive Office Building. When Richard Nixon entered the White House in 1969 he ordered another bowling alley installed, underground near the North Portico. The alley built for Nixon was a single lane and was paid for by friends of the president and Mrs. Nixon, both of whom were avid bowlers. They used the bowling alley often.

Bowling was not Nixon’s only means of relaxing during his presidential terms. He took up golf as Eisenhower’s vice president and played during his presidency, but the socializing which is a large part of golf made him uncomfortable. He enjoyed watching professional football and even designed plays which he gave to Miami Dolphins head coach Don Shula before Super Bowl VI. Nixon allegedly called Redskins head coach George Allen with play suggestions as well, though confirmation by any of the parties involved was never forthcoming.

25. Gerald Ford relaxed with exercise, sports, and parlor games

Ford was the first man to enter the Oval Office as President without having been elected as either president or vice president. His presidency followed one of the nation’s greatest political scandals, and was controversial from the start. After he pardoned Richard Nixon cries of a corrupt deal were loud and long. Ford found solace in participating in sports. He made frequent use of the White House swimming pool, as well as the pool installed by Nixon at Camp David. He also played tennis and golf and made several skiing trips during his short tenure in office. Ford was also an avid reader.

For relaxation, while in the White House residence, Ford was another stamp collector, though his collection was never as extensive as FDR’s, and he did not dedicate as much time to the hobby as his predecessor had. He played bridge, as well as other card games, and collected pipes, which he smoked throughout his presidency. To date, he was the last pipe smoker to occupy the White House. Ford was a gifted athlete, though some poorly timed falls during his presidency left many with the impression that he was clumsy. He enjoyed ballroom dancing, which is a clear indication that he was anything but.

Where do we find this stuff? Here are our sources:

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