1. Origins: Anti-Foreign Sentiment
Long before the first shots rang out, resentment toward foreign interference had simmered beneath China’s surface. Foreign missionaries openly challenged traditional Chinese beliefs, converting locals and disrupting centuries-old customs. Western powers carved out economic spheres of influence, exploiting China’s resources and undermining sovereign authority. This relentless encroachment stirred bitter anger among peasants and elites alike, igniting nationalist pride and fueling hostility. As tensions escalated, the Boxers emerged as champions of resistance, determined to expel the “foreign devils” and reclaim China’s dignity.
