2. Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization, flourishing between 3300 and 1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, was renowned for its advanced urban planning and engineering feats. Cities like Mohenjo-daro and Harappa featured meticulously organized layouts, with streets intersecting at right angles and sophisticated drainage systems that included covered drains along major streets, reflecting a high level of public health awareness. The civilization’s script, consisting of approximately 400 symbols, remains undeciphered, leaving aspects of their language and administration a mystery. This enigmatic script has been the subject of extensive research, yet its meaning continues to elude scholars.
