1. Sumerians
The Sumerians, inhabiting ancient Mesopotamia around 4000 BCE, established one of the world’s earliest urban societies. They pioneered cuneiform writing, the first known writing system, which enabled them to record laws, trade transactions, and literature. Their legal innovations included codified laws and administrative systems. Architecturally, they constructed impressive ziggurats and developed the arch, influencing subsequent cultures. Their advanced irrigation techniques transformed agriculture, supporting urban growth. These achievements laid the foundation for civilizations like Babylon.
