14. Civil War: Rome in Turmoil
Caesar’s assassination unleashed a bloody civil war as Rome’s power brokers clashed for supremacy. Factions led by Antony, Octavian, and the conspirators plunged the republic into chaos. Much like the English Civil War or France’s Revolution, brother fought brother, and old alliances crumbled. The dream of restoring the Republic faded, replaced by violent struggles shaping the new Roman order.



