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American History

Brutal Facts About Arkansas’ Elaine Massacre

Red Summer - Chicago race riot of 1919

31. The Sharecroppers Formed Self-Defense Groups To Protect Themselves

elainemassacredefendants
A dozen Black men were convicted of murder by all-white juries in connection with the 1919 massacre in Elaine, Ark. Above, defendants S.A. Jones, Ed Hicks, Frank Hicks, Frank Moore, J.C. Knox, Ed Coleman and Paul Hall with their attorney at the state penitentiary in Little Rock in 1925 after the Supreme Court overturned their convictions. Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, Central Arkansas Library System

Keep in mind that many of the union members were World War I veterans who had recently returned home from the war. With a white man dead, the African Americans knew that there would soon be harsh reprisals. They formed self-defense groups to protect themselves and their families.

But as the violence unfolded over the next few days, any self-protective measures were seen as evidence that there really was a black insurrection unfolding. Instead of providing protection, the veterans’ presence further incited the hatred and violence that consumed the county.

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