14. The Kingdom of Mali
Once famed for its wealth and learning in cities like Timbuktu, the Mali Empire declined due to succession disputes, shifting trade routes, and external invasions. After Mansa Musa’s death in 1337, internal conflicts weakened central authority. The rise of the Songhai Empire and the capture of key cities like Timbuktu further eroded Mali’s power. By the 16th century, Mali had lost nearly all its former territories. (britannica.com)
