4. Battle of Hastings (1066)
The Battle of Hastings forever changed the English landscape—politically and militarily. William the Conqueror’s victory brought Norman feudalism and the rise of castles, reshaping medieval England. His use of combined arms—coordinating infantry, cavalry, and archers—set a precedent for future European warfare. Hastings was more than a conquest; it was a demonstration of tactical evolution that resonated throughout the continent.
