6. The Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
In the 1860s, French lawyer Orélie-Antoine de Tounens declared himself king of the Mapuche lands in South America, establishing the Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia. Despite his proclamations, the kingdom was never recognized by any nation. Following de Tounens’s death in 1878, a series of French individuals have claimed the title of king, continuing the legacy of this unrecognized monarchy.



