The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory

Natasha sheldon - September 1, 2017

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
Castle Csejthe. Google Images

Thurzo tortured the Countess’s henchman. Other servants testified freely

While the Countess was locked in the castle dungeons as Csejthe, the notaries began to collect 300 witness testimonies against her. These were from servants at Sarvar and Csejthe, who came forward to testify- or who Jo et al. named under torture. During the initial stages of this torture, the Countess’s henchmen attempted to mitigate their involvement by laying the blame at the deceased Darvulia’s door- and at each other. But as the pain increased, they began to implicate the Countess. According to their accounts, Lady Bathoryonly occasionally killed when her husband was alive. But on Ferenc’s death, her murders became more numerous. They placed the numbers of deaths between 30-50.

The figure of 650 deaths, on which the Countess’s reputation as a mass murderer was based, came from a servant girl known simply as ‘Suzannah.’ It is unlikely Suzannah was literate. Somehow, however, she knew of a ledger kept by the official Jacob Szilvassey, which apparently recorded the names of every one of the Countess’s victims. In his testimony, although Szilvassey admitted he had seen the Countess torture some of her victims, he never mentioned any such ledger. Nor was one ever found and presented to the court as evidence.

One other senior official testified against the Countess. Benedek Deseo was the Countess’s court master and a man she held in the highest trust. Deseo was named during the torture and admitted to seeing his mistress at work. He described how the Countess ‘disciplined’ a young maid called Illonka for clumsiness. Lady Bathory stripped the girl and then began stabbing her in the fingers. The violence increased as the lady became more agitated, moving from fingers to arms, before the by now frenzied Countess whipped Illonka violently and burned her hands with a candle. The Countess did not cease until the girl was dead.

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
Reenactment of Elizabeth Bathory bathing in blood. Google Images

Bathing in blood is a myth

One crime associated with Countess Bathory that witnesses at the trial of her servants never accused her of, was a penchant for bathing in blood. Today, the Countess is believed to have murdered her victims so that she could immerse herself in their virgin blood, to preserve her youth and beauty. However, this never happened.

The story became part of the myth of the Countess just over a hundred years after her death. In 1729, a Jesuit scholar called Laszlo Turoczi was researching what was to be the first-ever account of the Bathory case. In the course of his travels around the Countess’s former territories, he heard stories from the local villagers of the vampire countess who bathed in blood to look beautiful. So he added it to his book.

Readers believed Turoczi’s account because there was no evidence to contradict it. However, in 1817, the records of the trials of the Countess’s servants were rediscovered. Out of the 300 witness statements, not one mentions blood bathing. Indeed, the reports of the Countess’s servants reveal blood was of no concern to Lady Bathory. It was merely a by product of the violence itself.

Ilona Jo reported that the Countess did indeed beat girls until they bled, so hard that the blood pooled on the floor and splattered the Countess’s clothes. But when this happened, Elizabeth Bathory would change immediately. The servants would also wash away any blood on the floor-they did not collect it for bathing or any other purpose. Author Kimberly L Craft in her analysis of the Bathory case, “Infamous lady’, suggests that release of pent-up rage and stress was more likely to be the motivation for the Countess’s torturous attacks as they can all be linked to periods when the Countess felt particularly under pressure. Blood was of no consequence.

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
Gabor Bathory, Prince of Transylvania. Google Images

The Countess Prepared for her Fall

Elizabeth Bathory knew she was in trouble in the latter half of 1610 when she heard of the investigations into her affairs. So she began to take measures to protect herself. Her first step was to try to counter the charges Thurzo was forging against her. In August 1610, the Countess appeared unexpectedly at a court in Eisenberg- with the mother of one of the dead girls from her finishing school in tow. The bereaved lady willingly took the stand to testify that her daughter had died of natural causes. It did little good as Thurzo, the King and the judges ignored this statement.

The Countess also spoke to Thurzo himself. While serving him tea at Cjesthe castle, she told him the somewhat unconvincing story that one of the finishing school girls had in fact, murdered all the others because she was greedy for their jewels. But by this time, the Countess knew she was living on borrowed time.

In September 1610, she made her will. This document was not merely a statement about the disposal of her goods after death- but a transferal of all her estates and possessions during her lifetime. The Will bequeathed everything to her three surviving children, Anna, Katalin, and Pal. The only thing the Countess would keep was her wedding dress which she intended to “wear until my death.” Not only would this mean the Bathory-Nadasdy holdings would avoid confiscation if Elizabeth were found guilty in court, but she probably also hoped it would satisfy both her son in-laws, who were already plotting with Thurzo to have her put away so they could take over the administration of her estates.

Finally, in October 1610, Elizabeth Bathory withdrew from the Nadasdy family seat of Sarvar. She made one last spa trip with her daughter and then stopped off at the castle to collect her jewels and personal effects. Then she high-tailed it to Csejthe. No doubt she hoped by the time anyone moved to arrest her, the roads would be unpassable because of severe winter weather. Elizabeth was already corresponding with her cousin Gabor Bathory, prince of Transylvania, in the hope that he would rescue her if all went wrong.

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
King Matthias II. Google Images

King Matthias had an interest in the Countess’s Fall

Besides greedy sons-in-law after her money, there were others who had a vested interest in seeing Elizabeth Bathory fall. It was this, rather than any sense of horror or belief in justice that was the real motivation behind the investigation against her. The King of Hungary had the most compelling reason of all.

For years, Ferenc Nadasdy had been lending money to the Hungarian crown- and the Crown had made no effort to pay that debt back. Elizabeth, as a widow had made herself extremely unpopular with her frequent trips to court to press for repayment. King Matthias knew if he could convict Elizabeth of a capital crime, he would not only wipe out his debt to her but he could also claim her vast estates. His money problems would be solved- and a troublesome, headstrong woman removed to boot.

Not only that, he would be one step closer to diminishing the powerful Bathory clan. When not fighting the Turks, the Kingdom of Hungary was busy fighting itself. The Thirty Years War between Catholics and Protestants loomed as the Catholic crown began to attempt to erode the rights of its Protestant subjects- before they could move to restrict its power. Most nobles were Catholic. However, the Bathory and Nadasdy were Protestant. Based on their combined power and wealth, they were best placed to lead any Protestant revolt against the king.

Worse yet, Elizabeth’s cousin, Gabor Bathory, the Prince of Transylvania had his eye on expanding his territory by uniting Transylvania and Royal Hungary under his rule. He and Elizabeth were known to correspond, and it seemed she had been financing him, as well as pledging troops to his cause (so long as he came to her aid as required). At the same time as he was investigating Elizabeth, Thurzo was attempting to negotiate a treaty with Gabor (who referred to the Palatine of Hungary as ‘a Lord’s serf) to stave off a potential war. However, the Countess’s support was vital to Gabor’s cause. If Matthias could remove her as a player, Gabor’s plans would be confounded.

The Real Countess Dracula: 12 Facts about the Life and Crimes of Elizabeth Bathory
Statue of Elizabeth Bathory in modern Cachtice. The church of St Ladislav where she was initially buried is in the background. Google Images

There was no trial for the Countess

Both Elizabeth Bathory and King Matthias wanted a trial: Matthias so he could secure her execution and Elizabeth because she believed, if she put her case in person, she could absolve herself. However, Thurzo determined that the Countess should not have her day in court. He initially intended to commit Lady Bathory to a convent, changing his mind because of the gravity of her crimes. However, the Countess seems to have provoked him with her refusal to give up.

Thurzo had joined Lady Bathory’s relatives on a visit to her prison cell where the Countess once again demanded a trial and was once again refused. Elizabeth furiously rounded on Thurzo, threatening him with Gabor Bathory as a ‘dire consequences of his illegal actions’ The furious Thurzo responded: “You Erzsebet are like a wild animal…you do not deserve to breathe the air on earth or see the light of the Lord. You shall disappear from this world and shall never reappear in it again.’

Some suggest Thurzo was trying to fulfill his promise to Ferenc Nadasdy or to spare her children the shame of a public trial and execution. However, he was ultimately protecting himself. An act of parliament would have been required to bring someone of Elizabeth Bathory’s status to trial-and that would have set a precedent Thurzo was anxious to avoid. It could have opened the floodgates, allowing the monarchy to dispose of other inconvenient nobles. Thurzo, as a Protestant, was well aware of his tenuous situation.

So he talked King Matthias out of the trial, selling it to the King as a form of damage limitation. A public trial would not only discredit the Bathory and Ferenc Nadasdy, a revered national hero but the wider nobility and so ultimately the crown. Thurzo persuaded the anxious nobles linked to the Bathory affair to petition the King. The ruse worked. The Bathory Nadasdy family agreed to cancel Matthias’s debts- and Matthias decided that Elizabeth Bathory would disappear behind the walls of her castle.

The exact circumstances of Elizabeth’s final imprisonment are unknown. However, Thurzo ordered her bricked into a windowless room in Cjsethe Castle. A small space was left to allow the passage of items to and from the chamber. Her daughter Katalin visited for a time, bringing candles, ink, and parchment- and Thurzo’s wife to steal her jewels, but other than a guard, Elizabeth Bathory was alone. She died on August 14, 1614.

 

Sources For Further Reading:

Biography – Elizabeth Bathory

ZEE News – Why Elizabeth Bathory Is Called the Most Prolific Female Murderer in History

Ozy – Elizabeth Báthory: History’s Most Prolific Female Serial Killer

History Hit – The Blood Countess: 10 Facts About Elizabeth Báthory

The Culture Trip – The Terrible Secrets of the Čachtice Castle Ruins

Roman the Human – The truth about Elizabeth Bathory and Anna Darvulia

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