Bloody Mary and Other Fearsome Women From History

Bloody Mary’s Quest to Make England Catholic Again

The pope refused to annul Henry VIII’s marriage to Mary’s mother, Catherine of Aragon. So Henry removed England from the Catholic fold, and created his own Church of England, with himself as its head. His new church promptly granted him an annulment. The Protestant Reformation swept England, which became Protestant. Mary stayed Catholic, and determined to Make England Catholic Again if she ever became queen. By the time she did in 1553 after many twists and turns, Mary had come to seriously loathe Protestantism. Her relatively brief reign – a mere five years – was long enough to cement her reputation as a brutal and bloody ruler.

Early in her reign, Mary promised not to forcibly convert Protestants, but reneged soon enough, and imprisoned prominent Protestant churchmen. She negotiated a deal to restore papal jurisdiction over England, and reinstated heresy laws that allowed the burning of heretics at the stake. Fearful of what was to come, over 800 rich Protestants promptly fled the realm. Those who stuck around and publicly proclaimed their Protestantism were charged with heresy, and Mary began to burn them at the stake in 1554. Despite widespread revulsion, Mary persisted. By the time she died, around 300 had perished at the stake, and she became infamous forever after as “Bloody Mary”.

From Refined Southern Belle to Bloody Bandit

Belle Starr was not as bloody as Bloody Mary, but she was bloody and fearsome enough. Born in 1848 into a wealthy Missouri family, she attended a female academy, where she was taught the day’s feminine refinements. In her early years, she was a polite young lady who played the piano. Unlike typical Southern belles, however, Belle loved the outdoors, and liked to ride and shoot with her brother Bud. Belle’s father, John Shirley, had married and divorced twice, before he wed Belle’s mother Elizabeth Hatfield, a relative of the Hatfields of the Hatfield and McCoy feud. Growing up in Missouri, Belle became acquainted with future outlaws Frank and Jesse James, and the Younger brothers Cole, Jim, John and Bob, who went on to form the infamous James-Younger Gang.

In the Civil War, Belle’s family were Southern sympathizers. Her brother, a Confederate guerrilla, was killed in 1864. Between that and the constant danger as rival forces crisscrossed Missouri, Belle’s family upped stakes and moved to Texas. In 1866, her childhood acquaintances the James and Younger brothers, now joined together in the James-Younger Gang, robbed a Missouri bank and fled to Texas. There, Belle’s father often sheltered such fugitives in his house. Among their number was a former pro-Confederate guerrilla turned horse thief named Jim Reed. An associate of the James and Younger brothers, Reed had been Belle’s teenage crush in Missouri. Soon after they renewed their acquaintance in Texas, the duo wed and had two children. They eventually fled to California to avoid an arrest warrant for Reed because of an Arkansas murder.

From Outlaw Groupie to Outlaw

Belle Starr graduated from criminal groupie to bloody outlaw in her own right. In 1869 she, her husband, and two other outlaws kidnapped and tortured an elderly Creek Indian and forced him to tell where he had hidden about $30,000 in gold. With their share of the loot, Belle and her husband then returned to Texas. There, she reveled in the role of dangerous bandit queen. Her hubby walked the straight and narrow for a while and tried to farm, but soon grew restless and returned to his outlaw ways. The couple resumed their ties with the James-Younger Gang, and fell in with the Starr clan, a Cherokee Indian family infamous as whiskey bootleggers and cattle and horse thieves in the Indian Territory, today’s Oklahoma.

Belle’s husband was killed in 1874 in a gunfight. She remarried, this time to a Cherokee criminal named Sam Starr, and settled with him in the Indian Territory. The couple lived in a ranch north of the Canadian River that she named Younger’s Bend, in honor of her childhood friend, the outlaw Cole Younger. In the Indian Territory, Belle came into her own as a bandit. She sold illegal whiskey to Indians, organized cattle and horse stealing raids, fenced stolen goods, and sheltered fugitives on the lam. Those harbored under her roof included Jesse James. She bribed officials to look the other way, and to free her associates when they were caught. Unfortunately for her, that corruption caught the attention of the straitlaced “Hanging Judge” Isaac Parker in nearby Fort Smith.

The Dramatic End of Belle Starr

Judge Parker was determined to lock up Belle Starr, and frequently had her hauled up before him to face various charges. In 1883, she and her husband were tried for horse theft, found guilty, and imprisoned for nine months. Once free, Belle resumed her outlaw ways, and Judge Parker resumed his quest to put her out of business. In 1886, she narrowly avoided another conviction, this time for robbery in addition to horse theft. It was still a bad year for her. On December 17^th, her husband got into a gunfight with a lawman cousin of his named Frank West, and both were killed in an exchange of bullets. That was extra problematic for Belle, because her right to live in the Indian Territory had been based on her marriage to a Cherokee husband.

To continue to use the Territory as a base for her criminal ventures, she married another Cherokee, a younger relative of her deceased husband named July. It was a stormy relationship, and on at least one occasion, July offered an acquaintance $200 to murder his wife. On February 3^rd, 1889, Belle was ambushed riding back home from a neighbor’s house, blasted off her horse with a shotgun, and finished off with another blast while she was on the ground. The murder was never solved, but there were many suspects. Within her immediate family, they included her husband; her son whom she routinely whipped and whom rumors speculated she might have had an incestuous relationship with; and her daughter, whom she had prevented from marrying the father of her child. Another suspect was a fugitive murderer who sharecropped on her land, and feared that she might turn him in.

A Fearsome and Fierce Empress

Matilda (1102 – 1167), heir to England’s throne, was bloody minded. When her father the king died, however, the magnates who had sworn to support her decided they did not want a female monarch. So they reneged, and supported a rival claimant. She did not meekly accept such treachery. As a child, Matilda was betrothed to Henry V, King of Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1111 to 1125. Her father sent her to her future husband in Germany when she was eight, and the couple were married six years later. Their reign as emperor and empress was turbulent, marked by rebellions and wars in both Germany and Italy, which Matilda governed as regent. The couple were childless, and her reign as empress ended in 1125 when her husband died. Back in England, Matilda’s brother and heir to England’s throne got himself killed in 1120 in a drunken ship race.

That left Matilda’s father without a male heir, and his attempts to sire another legitimate son were unsuccessful. When the widowed Matilda returned home in 1125, her father declared her his heir. In 1126, England’s barons were assembled at Westminster, were they swore to support Matilda. The following year she married Geoffrey Plantagenet, heir to the Count of Anjou. When her father died in 1135, Matilda prepared to ascend England’s throne. Unfortunately, the had other ideas, and chose her cousin Stephen of Blois, who was crowned King Stephen I. Matilda was not having it. She was pregnant at the time, but soon as gave birth in 1136, she assembled an army, and for the next three years, fought Stephen in Normandy. By 1139, Matilda had secured Normandy, and then set her eyes on England.

An Angry Matilda Plunged England Into So Much Bloody Chaos, That the Period Came to Be Known as “The Anarchy”

Matilda and her illegitimate half-brother Robert of Gloucester landed in England in 1139, and plunged it into bloody civil war. King Stephen besieged and trapped her in Arundel Castle, but she negotiated an exit. She established her court at Gloucester, and the two sides settled down to a series of castle sieges. Things improved dramatically for Matilda in 1141, when she defeated and captured King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln. The throne was in her grasp, but then she blew it. Matilda entered London to be crowned later that year, but treated the locals so disrespectfully that they revolted and chased her out of the city. She retreated to Oxford, where she was besieged in the winter of 1142. Trapped, she climbed down the city walls in a snow storm, then crossed the frozen Thames River on foot to safety.

In the meantime, her half-brother had been captured. To secure his release, she exchanged him for King Stephen. The war then entered a stalemate, but Matilda kept up a fight that threw England into bloody chaos that came to be known as The Anarchy. It finally ended in 1153 with a truce, whereby Stephen kept his throne, but recognized Matilda’s son Henry as his heir. Although Matilda did not become queen, her son became King Henry II, and founded the Plantagenet Dynasty that ruled England for centuries. Matilda was never liked, but her feistiness, determination, and sheer bloody mindedness were grudgingly respected. In World War II, Britain fielded not one, but two tanks named after her, the Matilda I and Matilda II.

A Fearsome Revolutionary Often Described as “History’s Deadliest Woman”

Rosalia Samilovna Zalkind (1876 – 1947), better known as Rozalia Zemlyachka, was a bloody minded revolutionary often labeled “history’s deadliest woman”. She had been one of the key figures in the abortive 1905 Russian Revolution. Twelve years later, in the Russian Civil War, Zemlyachka emerged as a key organizer of the bloody Red Terror after the Bolsheviks seized power. Particularly in 1920 to 1921, when she oversaw the Red Terror in the Crimea, Zemlyachka oversaw mass killings that claimed tens of thousands – and possibly hundreds of thousands – lives. She was born into a Jewish family in today’s Belarus, then part of the Russian Empire. Given the Tsarist government’s antisemitism, it was understandable that her parents had revolutionary tendencies.

One of Zemlyachka’s earliest childhood memories was of her parents’ approval of the assassination of Tsar Alexander II by revolutionaries in 1881. She was introduced to peasant populism by an older brother, and left school in 1891, aged fifteen, to dedicate her life to revolution. She was arrested by the Okhrana, Russia’s political police, soon thereafter. By 1896, hardened by stints in Tsarist prisons, Rosalia had moved from populism to Marxism. In 1902, she joined Lenin’s faction of the Communist party, the Bolsheviks. Rosalia, who by then had adopted the revolutionary name Rozalia Zemlyachka, was a tireless party organizer. She spent most of her time between Saint Petersburg, Odessa, and various cities abroad to meet with exiles. She was a prominent radical figure in Moscow during the 1905 Russian Revolution, and was a prominent organizer of that city’s barricades.

A Woman So Hardcore, She Alarmed “Iron Felix”

Rozalia Zemlyachka came in for a rough time in the Tsarist crackdown after the 1905 Russian Revolution. She was arrested and jailed numerous times, and caught tuberculosis and developed a heart disease behind bars. Zemlyachka finally fled Russia in 1909, her health broken, to join Lenin and other Bolshevik leaders in exile. She returned to Moscow in 1914, seemingly a spent force, only to bounce back to life in the 1917 Russian Revolution. As an early member of the Executive Committee of the Moscow Soviet, she was in on the ground floor when the Bolsheviks hijacked that revolution. She helped secure Moscow for the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. In the resultant Russian Civil War, she split her time between Moscow and various Bolshevik field armies, to buck up the troops with fiery speeches and political agitation.

Lenin made Zemlyachka chief political commissar for the 8^th Army in the Ukraine, then for that of the 13^th Army. However, she made her greatest mark during the Red Terror – a period of bloody repression carried out by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War that began in 1918 after a failed attempt at assassinating Lenin. Zemlyachka was involved in the terror from the start, advocated for the annihilation of class enemies, and took part in the first batches of executions in Moscow. Her zeal and methods alarmed even Felix Dzerzhinsky, head of the Cheka (forerunner of the NKVD and KGB). Dzerzhinsky was known as “Iron Felix”, so it took a lot to alarm him. Yet, that is just what Zemlyachka did. So in 1920, she was bundled out of Moscow and sent to the Crimea.

The Bloody Rozalia’s Horrific Underwater Forrest of Swaying Corpses

Rozalia Zemlyachka was sent to Crimea as Secretary of the Crimean Regional Committee of the Russian Communist Party. Crimea was one of the last enclaves of the Whites – those opposed to the Bolshevik Reds. She was determined to stamp out that opposition, once and for all. Conscientious about her job, she wanted to economize on mass murder and do it as cheaply as possible. At a time when the Bolsheviks were running low on munitions, she decreed it unreasonable to waste bullets on captives slated for execution. To cut costs, she ordered rocks tied to condemned prisoners’ legs, who were then tossed off barges into the sea. Tens of thousands were killed that way, and when the waters were calm and visibility was good, rows of upright bodies could be seen like a horrific underwater forest, swaying with the currents on the sea bottom.

Zemlyachka returned to Moscow, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner – then the highest Soviet military award. She continued to climb the Communist Party’s rungs, and joined the Central Control Commission – the organization that kept a watchful eye on the party. She worked closely with the NKVD throughout the bloody Great Terror, and so impressed Stalin with her ruthlessness that she was made head of the Control Commission in 1939. That made Zemlyachka the only woman in the USSR’s highest administrative body, the Council of People’s Commissars. She died of natural causes at age 71 in 1947, and was honored with a burial in the Kremlin.

A Fearsome National Heroine Who Fought British Colonialism

Lakshmi Bai, also known as the Rani of Jhansi (circa 1830 – 1858), was the rani, or queen, of the Indian princely state of Jhansi in northern India. She is best known as a leader of the Indian Mutiny against British rule in 1857 – 1858, in which she personally led troops in combat. Her exploits made her an Indian national heroine, a symbol of resistance to British rule, and a martyr for independence. Born and raised in an upper caste Brahman family, Lakshmi was raised different than most girls of her class.

Brought up among boys in a prince’s household, Lakshmi was taught to ride horses, and became proficient in martial arts such as swordsmanship and marksmanship. When she came of age, she was married to the maharaja, or princely ruler, of Jhansi. The couple did not have children, but her husband adopted a child as his heir. Upon her husband’s death, the British employed legal chicanery. They refused to recognize the adopted child as heir to Jhansi, which they annexed to the territory of the East India Company. Lakshmi vowed “I shall not surrender my Jhansi!” That became her war cry in the subsequent rebellion.

A Female Fighter in a Bloody Rebellion

In 1857, Indian troops in British service mutinied, and their rebellion spread throughout northern India. Lakshmi was declared regent of Jhansi, and governed on behalf of the underage heir. She raised troops and joined the rebels, and disgruntled natives from across India flocked to her standard. Lakshmi led her forces in a series of successful engagements that asserted her command and consolidated her rule. Eventually, the British sent an army to recapture Jhansi. When they demanded her surrender, she responded: “We fight for independence. In the words of Lord Krishna, we will if we are victorious, enjoy the fruits of victory, if defeated and killed on the field of battle, we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation.”

The British surrounded Jhansi, and a bloody battle ensued, in which Lakshmi Bai personally led her troops. British heavy artillery eventually reduced her fortifications and breached the city walls. When Jhansi was about to fall, Lakshmi led a small force in a ferocious attack that cut its way to safety. The fearsome ruler fought through the British siege lines with her child strapped to her back. She escaped, reached other rebel forces, and resumed the fight. She was finally killed in battle on June 17^th, 1858, in an engagement against British cavalry.

The Pious Teenage Girl Who Became a National Heroine

France’s national heroine Joan of Arc, also known as the Maid of Orleans (1412 – 1431), is the world’s most famous female warrior of all time. As a teenager, she personally led French forces into combat, and won a series of miraculous victories that revived France’s national spirit, and turned the tide of the war. Born into a peasant family in Lorraine, Joan was noted for her piety since childhood. In her teens, she saw visions from various saints, who directed her to save France from English domination.

At the time, France was exhausted, downtrodden and reeling from a series of massive defeats at the hands of the English. The French crown was also in dispute between the French Dauphin, or heir to throne, and the English king, Henry IV. At age sixteen, Joan left home, and led by voices and visions from the saints, travelled to join the Dauphin. In 1429, she convinced the French heir to give her an army, which she took to relieve the city of Orleans, besieged by the English at the time.

The Fearsome Maid of Orleans Personally Led Her Armies Into Bloody Combat

Endowed with remarkable mental and physical courage, Joan of Arc led her men in a whirlwind campaign against the English besiegers of Orleans. She lifted the siege in nine days, and put the English to flight. It was a momentous victory that repulsed an English attempt to conquer France. Then Joan, now known as “The Maid of Orleans”, convinced the Dauphin to crown himself king of France. She was then sent on various military expeditions, and in one of them in 1430, she was thrown off her horse and captured by the Burgundians.

Joan’s captors kept her for several months, then sold to the English, who were eager to get their hands on the girl who had caused them so much trouble. Although she had saved her country, she was now abandoned by her countrymen to fend for herself. The English and their French collaborators accused her of heresy and witchcraft, and locked her in a dark and filthy cell to await trial. Manacled to her bed with chains, she was incessantly harassed by her inquisitors at all hours of day and night in an effort to break her will and spirit.

A Martyred Saint

Joan of Arc adamantly refused to confess to any wrongs, and her accusers were unable to prove either heresy or witchcraft. In frustration, they turned their attention to the way in which she had dressed in male attire on the field of battle. Her captors claimed that such cross dressing violated biblical injunctions, and convicted her on those grounds. On May 30^th, 1431, she was taken on a cart to Rouen, where the nineteen-year-old Maid of Orleans was burned at the stake.

Two decades after her death, an inquisitorial court was ordered by a new pope, to reexamine Joan of Arc’s trial. The court debunked all the charges against her, cleared her posthumously, and declared her a martyr. In 1803, Napoleon Bonaparte made her a national symbol of France. She was beatified in 1909, then canonized as a Saint by the Catholic Church in 1920. Today, Saint Joan of Arc is one of the patron saints of France, and the most famous female warrior of all time.

The Fierce and Bloody Artemisia

Artemisia I of Caria (flourished in the 400s BC) was ruler of Halicarnassus in Caria – a satrapy, or province, of the Persian Empire in southwestern Anatolia. A warrior queen and naval commander, she fought for Persia’s King Xerxes in his invasion of Greece. She was most famous for her role in the bloody naval Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, which her side lost, but in which she distinguished herself. She was the daughter of the king of Halicarnasus, who named her after the Greek goddess of the hunt, Artemis.

When she grew up, Artemisia married the satrap of Caria, and after his death, assumed the throne of Caria as regent for her underage son. Ancient reports depict her as a courageous and clever commander of men and ships. She distinguished herself in the naval Battle of Artemisium, which was fought simultaneously with the more famous Battle of Thermopylae. She so discomfited the Greeks in that engagement that they put a bounty on her head, and offered 10,000 drachmas to whoever killed or captured her. The reward went unclaimed.

The Unfortunately Farcical End of a Fearsome Woman

The bloody naval Battle of Artemisium was followed soon thereafter by the even greater and bloodier naval Battle of Salamis. In that engagement, Herodotus describes Artemisia as the only commander on the Persian side worthy of mention: “I pass over all the other officers [of the Persians] because there is no need for me to mention them, except for Artemisia, because I find it particularly remarkable that a woman should have taken part in the expedition against Greece. She took over the tyranny after her husband’s death, and although she had a grown-up son and did not have to join the expedition, her manly courage impelled her to do so“.

After the Battle of Salamis, Artemisia escorted King Xerxes’ sons to safety, then faded from history. Legend has it that her end came after she fell madly in love with a man who ignored her, so she blinded him in his sleep. However, her passion continued to burn hot despite his disfigurement. To rid herself of her feelings for him, she decided to leap from a tall rock that reportedly held mystical powers, such that jumping off it would snap the bonds of love. Instead, she fell down and snapped her neck.

The Female Half of a Fearsome and Bloody Medieval Power Couple

Sichelgaita of Salerno (circa 1040 – 1090) was a Lombard warrior princess and the hereditary duchess of Apulia in southern Italy. Born into the ruling family of the Duchy of Salerno, she exhibited a passion for swordsmanship and horseback riding from an early age. A six foot Amazon, she met and married Robert Guiscard, a Norman adventurer who turned southern Italy and Sicily into a Norman domain. Armed and armored she fought at Guiscard’s side, or led men into battle on her own. The power couple roiled the Mediterranean world of their day.

After her father the duke was murdered in a palace coup, Sichelgaita helped her brother regain the duchy, and she regained her place as the duchy’s most privileged woman. Brother and sister then faced encroachment from Normans to their south, who had settled in Italy after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. In 1058, she met the Normans’ leader, Robert Guiscard, and the two fell passionately in love. So Guiscard divorced his wife and married Sichelgaita. For the next eighteen years, she was Guiscard’s constant companion, on and off the battlefield, and helped consolidate his and her family’s hold on southern Italy.

The Ambitious Sichelgaita

In 1076, clad in armor and mounted astride a stallion, Sichelgaita rode up to the walls of Salerno, then ruled by her brother, and demanded the city’s submission. When her brother refused, Sichelgaita and Guiscard besieged the city, and starved him into surrender. She then took command of Salerno, and exiled her brother. In addition to fighting at her husband’s side, Sichelgaita also led men on her own in independent commands. She and her husband were full of ambition, and they even tried to take over the Byzantine Empire by marrying one of their children into the imperial household.

A palace coup in Constantinople foiled that plan, however. So they decided to take over Byzantium the hard way, by straightforward conquest. Sichelgaita’s greatest exploit came in the resultant war at the Battle of Durazo on the Albanian coast, in October, 1081. She led an advance force ahead of the main body, which encountered a powerful Byzantine army that offered fierce resistance. Sichelgaita pressed the attack to keep the Byzantines pinned in place until Guiscard arrived with reinforcements, but her men faltered, and some fled. As seen below, she took charge, and turned the tide of the battle.

A Bloody Medieval Amazon

As described by near contemporaries: “Directly Sichelgaita, Robert’s wife (who was riding at his side and was a second Pallas, if not an Athene) saw these soldiers running away. She looked fiercely after them and in a very powerful voice called out to them in her own language an equivalent to Homer’s words “How far will ye flee? Stand and fight like men!” And when she saw that they continued to run, she grasped a long spear and at full gallop rushed after the fugitives; and on seeing this they recovered themselves and returned to the fight.” She was badly wounded in the fight, but held part of the battlefield until reinforcements arrived to turn the tide and win the hard-fought engagement.

Despite the victory, the plans to conquer Byzantium were discarded because of developments back in Italy, when a conflict broke out between the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor. In 1084, Sichelgaita and Guiscard resumed the attempted conquest of Byzantium. They won some initial victories, such as a ferocious naval battle against a combined Venetian-Byzantine fleet, which gained them the islands of Corfu and Cefalonia. Soon thereafter, however, Guiscard took ill and died in 1085, and the campaign in Greece fizzled out. Sichelgaita retired to Salerno, where she died five years later, in 1090.

Vietnam’s National Heroines

The Trung sisters, Trung Nhi and Trung Trac (circa 12 – 43 AD), are Vietnam’s national heroines. They led an independence movement and rebelled against China’s domination of their country. They broke the Chinese yoke and established an independent Vietnamese state, which they ruled for three years. Vietnam had groaned under Chinese domination for about a century by the time the Trung sisters were born. Trung Trac, the older sister, was married to a Vietnamese nobleman who resisted Chinese hegemony, and objected to a particularly oppressive Chinese governor’s ham handedness.

For his troubles, Trung Trac’s husband was executed by the Chinese to cow other would-be rebels. In response, his widow organized and rallied other Vietnamese nobles to resist the Chinese. With the help of her sister Trung Nhi, Trung Trac launched a rebellion in the Red River Delta, near modern Hanoi, in 40 AD. From there, the revolt quickly spread up and down the long Vietnamese coast. After generations of life under foreign domination, the Vietnamese were ready to rebel, and the uprising became wildly popular.

A Bloody Rebellion by an Army of Women

Unique among armed rebellions, the Trung sisters’ forces were made mostly of women. With those predominately female armies, the rebel siblings seized numerous Chinese forts and citadels, and chased out or defeated their garrisons. Within a few months, China’s authority in Vietnam was broken, the Chinese were forced out of the country, and Trung Trac was proclaimed queen. Although greatly outnumbered, the siblings managed to keep the invaders out of for three years. Eventually, however, the Chinese concentrated a massive force to recapture Vietnam.

In 43 AD, the Trung sisters were finally defeated in battle. Captured, they were decapitated by the Chinese, who then reasserted their control over Vietnam. Although their independent state proved short lived, the Trung sisters successfully planted the seeds of Vietnamese national identity. Conventional wisdom in Vietnam has it that if the Trung sisters had not rebelled and fought against the Chinese, Vietnam would have been wholly absorbed and dissolved into China, and there would be no Vietnamese nation today.

The Rich American Who Ended Up as a WWII Resistance Heroine

Life in World War II’s resistance in Europe was pretty tough. Whether it was the Gestapo hot on their heels, the ever-present danger of betrayal by collaborators, or mere bad luck, capture and doom were never far away. Life was harder and more dangerous still for resistance figures with readily identifiable characteristics – especially if such characteristics were known to the Nazis. Virginia Hall, a one-legged spy who spent much of WWII dodging the Gestapo in occupied France, could attest to that.

Hall was born into a wealthy Baltimore family in 1906, but she was not into the usual fripperies that rich young ladies of her era were into. Among other things, she did not want to simply become somebody’s dutiful housewife. Instead, she was a total Tomboy: a free spirit, athletic, independent, and liked to thumb her nose at convention. As she wrote in a schoolbook in 1924: “I must have liberty, with as large a charter as possible“. At age twenty, she headed to Europe to blazer her own path.

The One-Legged Spy

Virginia Hall attended Radcliffe and Barnard colleges, her era’s female counterparts of Harvard and Columbia universities. There, she studied French, German, and Italian. She liked travel and public service, so she tried to combine the two and become a US diplomat. Unfortunately, the State Department’s sole career track for women back then was clerical. So Hall became a clerk at the American consulate in Turkey. There, she accidentally shot herself in the leg while hunting, and the limb was amputated. She got a wooden prosthetic, which she nicknamed “Cuthbert”. Because of her gender, Hall was repeatedly denied promotion to diplomat. So she resigned in 1939. She was in France when the Germans invaded, and volunteered to drive an ambulance for the French Army. When France fell in 1940, she fled to Britain.

There, Hall joined the Special Operations Executive (SOE), a clandestine organization tasked with espionage and sabotage in occupied Europe. She became one of the first spies infiltrated into France. It was hazardous duty: more than a third of female SOE agents sent to France perished. She established an espionage network named Heckler that gathered valuable information and coordinated with the Resistance. The Gestapo learned that a “Limping Lady” was operating on their turf, and circulated bulletins – along with sketches – to be on the lookout for her. However, Hall used various aliases and disguises, and continued her clandestine work under the Nazis’ noses despite her tell-tale limp. Along the way, she recruited a Lyon brothel owner, and used his establishment as a kind of headquarters. She also had a sixth sense for danger, which allowed her to evade capture on many occasions.

An Overlooked Heroine and the Bloody Gestapo

Klaus Barbie, a bloody minded Gestapo official known as “The Butcher of Lyon” for the thousands whom he ordered tortured and killed, was hot on Virginia Hall’s trail. He plastered wanted posters all over the place that featured a sketch of her face above the words: “The Enemy’s Most Dangerous Spy – We Must Find and Destroy Her!” Hall, who was so good at disguises that she could be four different women with four different identities in a single afternoon, evaded his clutches. Eventually, things got hot enough that she had to flee France. She made a hazardous escape in 1942 that included a 50-mile trek on foot in heavy snow across the Pyrenees Mountains into neutral Spain. The Spanish arrested her for lack of an entrance visa, and she spent six weeks in jail before she was finally freed and returned to Britain.

Soon as she caught her breath, Hall volunteered to return to France. The SOE decided it was too dangerous. By then, however, the US had joined WWII, and its Office of Strategic Services (OSS), America’s version of the SOE, was glad to have her. Back in France, this time as an OSS agent, Hall called in airdrops for the Resistance, and coordinated their activities with the Allies. Her network eventually numbered 1500 members, including a French-American soldier, Paul Goillot, whom she eventually married. Hall’s extraordinary heroism earned her a Distinguished Service Cross. She was the only woman to receive such an award – America’s second highest distinction – in WWII. After the war, she spent fifteen years in the CIA. Despite her vast hands-on experience, she faced discrimination as a woman, and was restricted to desk duty. She eventually resigned in 1966, and died in relative obscurity in 1982.

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Where Did We Find This Stuff? Some Sources and Further Reading

Clements, Barbara Evans – Bolshevik Women (1997)

Collector, The – The 5 Cruelest Women in History to Hold Power

Devries, Kelly – Joan of Arc: A Military Leader (2003)

Encyclopedia Britannica – Lakshmi Bai

Encyclopedia Britannica – Matilda, Daughter of Henry I

Futurist Dolmen – Rozalia Zemlyachka: An Incomplete Biography

Gonick, Larry – The Cartoon History of the Universe, Volume III: From the Rise of Arabia to the Renaissance (2002)

Hanley, Catherine – Matilda: Empress, Queen, Warrior (2019)

Herodotus – The Histories, Books 7 and 8

History Collection – One of History’s Greatest Minds, Hypatia, Was Brutally Disposed of for Being a Woman With too Much Power

Journal of Medieval History, Volume III (2005) – Sichelgaita of Salerno: Amazon or Trophy Wife?

Kiernan, Ben – Viet Nam: A History From Earliest Times to the Present (2019)

Lebra, Joyce C. – Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment (2008)

Legends of America – Belle Starr, the Bandit Queen

Love British History – 9 Times the Empress Matilda Was a Total Badass

National Archives – Virginia Hall of the OSS, May 12, 1945

National Public Radio – ‘A Woman of No Importance’ Finally Gets Her Due

Owlcation – 10 Famous Female Outlaws of the Wild West

Porter, Linda – Mary Tudor: The First Queen (2007)

Richey, Stephen Wesley – Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint (2003)

Salisbury, Joyce E. – Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World (2001)

Shirley, Glenn – Belle Starr and Her Times: The Literature, the Facts, and the Legends (1982)

Smithsonian Magazine, April 8^th, 2019 – How a Spy Known as ‘The Limping Lady’ Helped the Allies Win WWII