7. Black Communities Thrived—and Suffered—in Northern Cities
In the 19th century, free Black communities flourished in Northern cities like Philadelphia, Boston, and New York. These neighborhoods became cultural and economic hubs, fostering Black-owned businesses, churches, and schools. However, residents faced systemic racism, segregation, and the constant threat of kidnapping into slavery. For instance, in Philadelphia, Black churches, schools, and homes were looted and burned in riots from 1820 to 1850, forcing many to flee to Canada (pbs.org).
