12. Some Northern States Opposed Black Migration
In the 19th century, certain Northern states enacted “Black Laws” to restrict the movement and settlement of free Black individuals. Ohio’s 1804 and 1807 laws required Black residents to have certificates of freedom and imposed bonds for good behavior, effectively discouraging Black migration. Similarly, Indiana’s 1851 constitution prohibited Black individuals from entering or settling in the state, reflecting a broader pattern of racial exclusion in the North (en.wikipedia.org).
