8. In 1922, the Ottoman Sultanate was formally abolished and replaced with modern-day Turkey
Beginning with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, ushering into being the Second Constitutional Era and renewing the Constitution of 1876 following its abandonment just two years after promulgation by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Restoring the Ottoman parliament and enabling open elections, the years which would follow saw a succession of coups and counter-coups, including in 1909 (twice), 1912, and 1913. Entering into World War One with an attack on Russia on October 29, 1914, although achieving early victories, most notably at the Battle of Gallipoli, in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros Constantinople was occupied in 1918 by Allied forces and the Ottoman Empire prepared for partition.
Emboldening the Turkish national movement, in 1919 these revolutionaries launched the Turkish War of Independence. Resulting in the victory of Turkish forces against Allied proxies, namely Greece and Armenia – although in so doing continuing to commit genocide against ethnic Armenians, a process which had begun during the First World War – a Grand National Assembly was formed to determine the future of the nation. Formally abolishing the Ottoman Sultanate on November 1, 1922, ending a dynasty which had ruled uninterrupted since 1299, the Sultan was declared persona non grata throughout Turkey and forced into exile.
