8. The Arrival of European Colonial Powers in Asia (16th Century Onward)
The entry of European colonial powers—including the Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French—transformed Asia’s political, social, and economic landscapes. Driven by trade and territorial ambition, these powers established colonies, introduced new technologies, and reshaped local customs and governance. The legacy of colonialism still resonates, influencing modern borders, languages, and political systems across Asia. This epoch mirrors the colonial experiences of Africa and the Americas, leaving a complex, enduring impact.
