2. Napoleon’s Failed Russian Campaign
In 1812, Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion of Russia marked a pivotal turning point in European history. Commanding the Grande Armée, he advanced with over 600,000 soldiers, aiming to compel Tsar Alexander I to adhere to the Continental System. The Russian forces employed a scorched-earth strategy, retreating and destroying resources to deprive the invaders of supplies. Upon reaching Moscow, Napoleon found the city abandoned and set ablaze, leaving his army without shelter or provisions. The onset of a harsh winter further decimated the French forces, leading to a catastrophic retreat. By December 1812, fewer than 100,000 soldiers remained, with the majority lost to combat, disease, starvation, and the brutal cold. This devastating campaign not only shattered Napoleon’s military dominance but also galvanized European nations to form the Sixth Coalition, ultimately leading to his downfall. (The Napoleon Series.)
