15 Times Tiny Countries Shocked the World by Resisting Invasions

Throughout history, small nations have often been underestimated due to their size. However, these countries have occasionally defied expectations by bravely resisting invading forces, leaving a lasting impact on global history. Their resilience and determination have proven that even the smallest nations can stand firm against formidable adversaries.

1. Finland vs. the Soviet Union (Winter War, 1939-1940)

During the Winter War, Finland, vastly outnumbered by Soviet forces, fiercely resisted invasion by utilizing guerrilla tactics and their deep knowledge of the terrain. Finnish troops employed “motti” tactics, isolating and destroying smaller Soviet units, and made effective use of skis and sleds for rapid movement through the snow-covered landscape. This approach inflicted heavy losses on the Soviet forces and showcased Finland’s resilience.

2. Liechtenstein’s Stand Against Austria (1866)

In 1866, during the Austro-Prussian War, Liechtenstein’s army of 80 men was deployed to guard the Stilfser Joch pass, aiming to protect the Austrian border from potential Italian attacks. Remarkably, the contingent faced no combat and returned home without casualties. A popular legend claims that 80 men went to war, but 81 came back, though the identity of the additional person remains disputed.

3. Malta in World War II

During World War II, Malta endured relentless bombings from Axis forces, aiming to neutralize the island’s strategic position in the Mediterranean. Between January and July 1942, the island faced continuous air raids, with only one 24-hour period without bombings. Despite severe shortages of food and medical supplies, the Maltese people exhibited remarkable resilience. In recognition of their courage, King George VI awarded the George Cross to Malta on April 15, 1942. The medal was formally presented to the people on September 13, 1942, and was later incorporated into the national flag (cwgc.org).

4. Bhutan vs. Tibet (1864-65)

In the mid-19th century, Bhutan, a small Himalayan kingdom, faced invasions from Tibet. Despite its limited military resources, Bhutan successfully repelled these incursions, maintaining its sovereignty. Later, during the Duar War (1864-65), Bhutan resisted British imperial ambitions, ceding parts of its territory but preserving its independence. This resilience allowed Bhutan to navigate complex regional dynamics and retain its autonomy.

5. San Marino and the Gothic Line (World War II)

During World War II, San Marino maintained its neutral status despite being surrounded by conflict. In June 1944, the Royal Air Force mistakenly bombed the country, believing it was occupied by German forces. Later that year, German troops entered San Marino, but the government protested, emphasizing its neutrality. The Allies subsequently liberated the country in September 1944, allowing it to preserve its autonomy amidst the surrounding battles.

6. Switzerland’s Armed Neutrality

Switzerland has maintained a policy of armed neutrality since 1815, avoiding participation in external conflicts while ensuring its defense capabilities. During both World Wars, Switzerland mobilized its military rapidly, deterring potential invasions despite being surrounded by larger powers. The country’s mountainous terrain and well-prepared defenses, including extensive fortifications and a citizen army, further discouraged aggression. This strategy has allowed Switzerland to preserve its sovereignty and remain a neutral entity in international affairs (history.com).

7. East Timor’s Struggle Against Indonesia (1975-1999)

From 1975 to 1999, East Timor endured a prolonged struggle against Indonesian occupation. The Armed Forces for the National Liberation of East Timor (Falintil), led by Xanana Gusmão, conducted guerrilla warfare, inflicting significant casualties on Indonesian forces. Despite facing overwhelming odds and severe human rights abuses, the East Timorese resistance maintained their fight. International attention, particularly after the 1991 Dili massacre, intensified support for their cause. In 1999, a UN-supervised referendum resulted in overwhelming support for independence, leading to East Timor’s official independence in 2002 (museum.wa.gov.au).

8. Luxembourg’s Brief Resistance (Battle of the Bulge, 1944)

During the Battle of the Bulge in December 1944, Luxembourg, situated between warring powers, found itself caught in the conflict. The German offensive led to intense fighting in towns like Clervaux and Wiltz, where Luxembourgish civilians and resistance groups faced occupation and bombardment. Despite being overwhelmed, the Luxembourgish resistance, including the Luxembourgish Red Lion, engaged in acts of defiance, such as hiding individuals from the German police and distributing patriotic flyers. This brief yet symbolic resistance underscored Luxembourg’s determination to maintain its sovereignty amidst the chaos (luxembourg.public.lu).

9. The Gambia during WWII

During World War II, The Gambia, West Africa’s smallest nation, played a significant role in supporting Allied efforts. The Royal Air Force established RAF Bathurst in March 1941, comprising three bases at Half-Die, Jeswang, and Yundum. These airfields were crucial for operations in the region, providing essential air support and contributing to the defense against Axis forces.

10. Monaco and Occupation Efforts (1942-1944)

During World War II, Monaco maintained its sovereignty through strategic diplomacy and neutrality. In November 1942, Italian forces occupied the principality, but after Italy’s surrender in September 1943, German troops replaced them. Despite occupation, Monaco’s leadership navigated complex relations, balancing cooperation with Axis powers to preserve autonomy. Prince Louis II’s efforts ensured Monaco’s survival amid the turmoil, avoiding annexation and maintaining its status as a neutral entity.

11. Andorra’s Endurance During French-Spanish Conflicts

Andorra’s strategic location in the Pyrenees enabled it to withstand various invasions from France and Spain. In the 9th century, Charlemagne established Andorra as a buffer state, granting it a charter in exchange for military support against the Moors. The 1278 “paréage” agreement between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgell solidified Andorra’s co-sovereignty, ensuring its autonomy. During the Spanish Civil War, Andorra maintained neutrality, providing refuge to those fleeing the conflict. In World War II, it served as a smuggling route for the French Resistance, further demonstrating its resilience and strategic importance (bbc.com).

12. Montenegro vs. Ottoman Empire (19th Century)

Throughout the 19th century, Montenegro employed guerrilla tactics to resist repeated Ottoman invasions. The Battle of Grahovac in 1858 marked a decisive Montenegrin victory, leading to the final demarcation of borders with the Ottoman Bosnia Eyalet. In 1876, Montenegro declared war on the Ottomans, achieving significant victories at Fundina, Trijebaca, Medun, Spuz, and more than two dozen smaller skirmishes. The Battle of Vučji Do in 1876 was particularly pivotal, resulting in heavy Ottoman casualties and the capture of two commanders. These successes expanded Montenegro’s territory and led to European recognition of its independence in the 1870s.

13. Singapore Holds Out (1942)

During World War II, Singapore, a strategic British stronghold, faced a formidable Japanese invasion in February 1942. Despite being outnumbered, Allied forces mounted a determined defense, inflicting significant casualties on the Japanese and delaying their advance. The Battle of Bukit Timah, fought from February 10 to 12, was particularly intense, with British and Commonwealth troops engaging in fierce combat to protect vital resources and positions. However, the relentless Japanese assault eventually led to the fall of Singapore on February 15, 1942.

14. Iceland’s Stance Against British Invasion (1940)

In 1940, Iceland, a neutral nation, faced a British invasion aimed at preventing German occupation. The Icelandic government protested the violation of its neutrality but cooperated with the British forces, treating them as guests. Despite the occupation, Iceland maintained its legal neutrality throughout World War II (icelandmonitor.mbl.is).

15. Vatican City’s Diplomacy During WWII

During World War II, Vatican City maintained strict neutrality under Pope Pius XII, avoiding occupation by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The Vatican’s diplomatic efforts facilitated the rescue of thousands of Jews and other persecuted individuals. Catholic institutions in Rome sheltered over 3,000 Jews, providing refuge amidst the turmoil. Additionally, Vatican diplomats, such as Angelo Rotta in Budapest and Andrea Cassulo in Bucharest, played pivotal roles in protecting Jewish communities, earning recognition as Righteous Among the Nations.

Conclusion

The histories of these small nations underscore the remarkable resilience and resourcefulness that can emerge when sovereignty is threatened. Their ability to employ innovative strategies, leverage geographical advantages, and maintain unwavering determination highlights that even the smallest countries can make a significant impact on world events. These examples serve as a testament to the enduring spirit of nations committed to preserving their independence against formidable odds.