1. Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
The Treaty of Westphalia marked a turning point in European history by ending the devastating Thirty Years’ War. Its most significant legacy is the principle of state sovereignty, which established that each nation had authority over its own territory. This concept became the foundation of the modern nation-state system, shaping how European countries interact and resolve disputes. Today, Westphalian sovereignty remains central to international law and diplomacy, guiding everything from border negotiations to the role of supranational organizations. Learn more about the Peace of Westphalia.
